During its history, there has been some turmoil and several moves to escape the light and other hindrances that large cities, such as Rome, pose to doing astronomy. But the 8000 person town is also home to the Vatican Observatory. This is a fast-spinning star remnant of a white dwarf. With twin 8.4-meter mirrors, the LBT is one of the largest optical telescopes in the world. The 1.8 meter Alice P. Lennon Telescope and its Thomas J. Bannan Astrophysics Facility, known together as the Vatican Advanced Technology Telescope (VATT), is a Gregorian telescope observing in the optical and infrared which achieved 'first light', the first starlight to pass through the telescope onto a detector, in 1993. For instance, 35 years ago I used an infrared photometer on a telescope at Kitt Peak National Observatory near Tucson, Arizona. Research results are published in international journals. European Southern Observatory (ESO) (2022). Telescopes have grown in size since they first appeared around 1608. The Clarisse sisters continue their prayer and work in the northwestern end of the building. In 1981 the Vatican purchased a state-of-the-art telescope, which is one of the world's largest telescopes - the Vatican Advanced Technology Telescope. A little more than a decade later, the Large Binocular Telescope (LBT) opened on Mount Graham. In just a few months, says the director, visitors to the website have doubled. Yes indeed you can! "April 6, 1905, Thursday Page 9, "Mt. As to how the faith-versus-science culture wars can be resolved, Consolmagno says what's most important is that he wears a collar he is a devoutly religious person who also considers himself an "orthodox scientist." Join our Space Forums to keep talking space on the latest missions, night sky and more! One iteration of the claim garnered over 300 shares before being deleted. (Pope Francis, known for his frugality and habit of not taking vacations, decided not to use the papal summer villa, which he considers too luxurious. This title was descriptive, though it wasnt very interesting. The Dawn Framing Camera: A Telescope En Route to the Asteroid Belt MPS/DLR/IDA", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_large_optical_telescopes&oldid=1118329852, All articles with bare URLs for citations, Articles with bare URLs for citations from August 2022, Articles with bare URLs for citations from March 2022, Articles with PDF format bare URLs for citations, Articles with image file bare URLs for citations, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles with bare URLs for citations from June 2022, Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from June 2022, All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify, Articles with unsourced statements from October 2022, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Denmark, Sweden, Iceland, Norway, Finland, Kawkasskaja gornaja observatory GAISCH MGU, Steward Observatory 60" Cassegrain Telescope, Mitterschpfl, Vienna Woods Biosphere Reserve, Austria. There are too many people in the pews who think you have to choose between science and faith.". gather as much light) as the smaller silvered glass mirror telescopes that succeeded it because of the poor performance of its speculum metal mirror. This is a record that the telescopes have broken more than once. In 2008, the Templeton Prize was awarded to cosmologist Fr. Filippo Luigi Gilii (17561821). The Gran Canarias Observatory in Spain is home to the world's biggest visible-light telescope, which has a main mirror of 10.4 meters (34 feet) in diameter. CASTEL GANDOLFO, Italy At a time of growing diffidence toward some new scientific discoveries, the one and only Vatican institution that does scientific research recently launched a campaign to promote dialogue between faith and science. This is essential for targeting the desired galactic areas. These early traditions of the Observatory reached their climax in the mid-nineteenth century with the researches at the Roman College of the famous Jesuit, Father Angelo Secchi, the first to classify stars according to their spectra. Thus from its two centers, located at Castel Gandolfo and at Tucson, the Observatory is continuing various current studies and international collaborations. The biggest telescopes in the world are often the most successful at making new space discoveries, due to their ability to collect more light and delve into the universe's history from impressive distances. Is there a telescope in the Vatican? The Gran Telescopio Canarias is by far the largest telescope on earth and measures 34 feet (or 409 inches) across! One domed building in the papal gardens houses a huge telescope dating from 1891. Right: A photo of a prelate decades ago reclining to view the telescope. And if all this Vatican chat has got you in the mood for visiting the Holy See, then check out our full guide to the Vatican City. ; Sixty-Inch Reflector, Biggest in the World, Being Set Up. For the first foreshadowing of the Observatory can be traced to the constitution by Pope Gregory XIII of a committee to study the scientific data and implications involved in the reform of the calendar which occurred in 1582 . Promoting the James Webb Space Telescope can help everyone to understand our universal and evolving ecosystems and the original of life itself in a scientific context. Beyond this museum is the area used primarily by the Vatican Observatory Summer Schools. Consolmagno says, "It was one of about 18 identical telescopes that were set up around the world to photograph the sky, and every national observatory was given its own piece of sky to photograph." Help us share the truth of Gods Word and the gospel! ", Freshly Made Plutonium From Outer Space Found On Ocean Floor, The Pope Is Toughening Church Laws On Sex Abuse, Fraud And The Ordination Of Women, New Effort To Clean Up Space Junk Reaches Orbit. One domed building in the papal gardens houses a huge telescope dating from 1891. In 1891, however, Pope Leo XIII issued a Motu proprio re-founding the Specola Vaticana (Vatican Observatory) and a new observatory was built on the walls at the edge of the Vatican. ", This page was last edited on 27 December 2022, at 08:11. Internet Explorer is no longer supported. LBT Near Infrared Spectroscopic Utility with Camera and Integral Field Unit for Extragalactic Research, Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, (RELATED: Was Pope Francis Arrested On Charges Including Human Trafficking And Fraud). The centre of the Observatory administration however remains at Castel Gandolfo. But whats it all about? NY 10036. The same year, Steward Observatorys Heinrich Hertz Submillimeter Telescope (SMT) also opened on Mount Graham. If you are visiting Rome and fancy getting out of town in the heat of the summer, then a visit to Castel Gandolfo the administrative centre of the Observatory is a good way to spend a day. The Observatory staff have offices at Steward Observatory of the University of Arizona(picture shows S.O. We also know that there are other technologies located on the same mountain - one of which is called LUCI (an infrared camera by the way, not a telescope) which may be lending its name to the conspiracy theory. You can check out a detailed list of the discoveries in this article here to get a flavour for the depth of the study of the VAAT. hide caption. It is a part of the Mount Graham International Observatory . The signal came from ionized oxygen in the galaxy MACS1149-JD1. From time to time here at Answers in Genesis we get inquiries about a telescope called LUCIFER that the Vatican supposedly owns. For this reason in 1981, for the first time in its history, the Observatory founded a second research center, the Vatican Observatory Research Group (VORG), in Tucson, Arizona in the United States, one of the world's largest and most modern centers for observational astronomy. "Up Above the World so High (opens in new tab)". The southwestern end of the building (which now houses the Specola) was given over to the Basilian nuns, separated by a wall from the cloister of the Clarisses. Astronomical text books in Latin are displayed at the Vatican Observatory. Also notice that the LUCI instrument attaches only to the LBT, not the VATT. Others however claim it dates back to the reform of the calendar in 1582. Graham in Safford. TheVATThas pioneered the new technology of creating large, lightweight, stable mirrors in a rotating furnace (see picture to right). For telescopes larger than 3 meters in aperture see List of largest optical reflecting telescopes. Castel Gandolfo is a town located to the southeast of Rome, and has been the place where the Pope traditionally spends summer. Your email address will not be published. The Vatican and its observatory arenot among the research institutions listed on the LBT Observatory website as operating or owning the LBT. Its name gives away the measurement of the large primary mirror which will consist of 492 hexagonal panels. If you are just visiting the site, just wait a bit and it should be back soon. Gemini (S) This list of the largest optical reflecting telescopes with objective diameters of 3.0 metres (120 in) or . We drive along a cypress-lined road, admiring majestic gardens and olive groves nestled near the remains of a palace of the Roman Emperor Domitian, before reaching a field with farmworkers and animals. This story has been circulating around the internet for nearly a decade. Among the results from this telescope have been the discovery of MACHOs in the Andromeda Galaxy; the validation of the Stromvil photometric filter system; evidence for how the shape and dimensions of galaxies have changed over the age of the universe; discovery of the first binary 'Vesta chip' asteroid; and the characterization and classification by visible colors of some 100 trans-Neptunian objects, most of them fainter than magnitude 21. In 1900 a 1-meter reflector would be among the largest in the world, but by 2000, would be relatively common for professional observatories. In 1870, with the capture of Rome, the College Observatory fell into the hands of the Italian Government. Chronological list of optical telescopes by historical significance, which reflects the overall technological progression and not only the primary mirror's diameter (as shown in table above). The design and development of this telescope took more than 1,000 people from over 100 companies more than a decade to complete. This site is protected by reCAPTCHA, and the Google Generally the marking point of the beginning of the Vatican Observatory is traced to the late 19th century. On December 24th/ Tomorrow NASA and its partners will launch the biggest and most powerful space telescope ever built: the James Webb Space Telescope. The following tables list the increase in size over the years. During the Inquisition, it even persecuted scientists such as Galileo Galilei. The Webb telescope, the product of an international collaboration of scientists that cost over $10 billion, is the largest optical telescope in space, and astrophysicists are optimistic about the . Its former space would be used to provide more room for the reception of diplomatic visitors. A little more than a decade later, the Large Binocular Telescope (LBT) opened on Mount Graham. Answers in Genesis is an apologetics ministry, dedicated to helping Christians defend their faith and proclaim the good news of Jesus Christ. What Is the Vatican Telescope Looking For? Due to its significant mirror surface area of 10,527 square feet (978 square meters), the ELT will be able to collect 100,000,000 times more light than the human eye. Many people are surprised to learn that the Vatican even has an observatory. For a little more than four decades astronomical research, which included a prominent international program to map the whole sky, was carried out in the shadow of St. Peter's, but it eventually became obvious that the urban growth of the Eternal City was brightening the sky to such an extent that the fainter stars could no longer be studied. The VATT's mirror is unusually 'fast' at f/1, which means that its focal distance is equal to its diameter. With the installation of a Schmidt wide-angle telescope in 1957 research was extended to other topics such as new techniques for the classification of stars according to their spectra. Hochalpine Forschungsstation Jungfraujoch und Gornergrat. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. Your newsletter signup did not work out. Its home is in the Canary Islands of Spain. The Vatican was not involved.(RELATED: Was Pope Francis Arrested On Charges Including Human Trafficking And Fraud). On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. "Because people can see science in action, science doesn't have all the answers," he says. Not unsurprisingly as is common with the Vatican City there are a number of conspiracy theories that bounce around regarding the VAAT. May whoever searches here night and day the far reaches of space use it joyfully with the help of God. All rights reserved. The recent discovery of a 4,500-year-old temple in the Mesopotamian city of Girsu demonstrates archaeologists should not give up on this ancient site. Vatican Advanced Technology Telescope (VATT) University of Cambridge (2022). This project is currently in progress, as part of a collaboration between Japan (the National Institutes of Natural Sciences and National Astronomical Observatory), the U.S. (Caltech and the University of California), Canada (National Research Council Canada), China (National Astronomical Observatories of the Chinese Academy of Sciences), and India (the Department of Science and Technology of India). The Observatory of the Roman College and other similar institutions operated in the 18th and 19th centuries in Rome in the name of the Vatican, but by the end of the 19th century these had come under the control of the Italian state. D.K.J. Is there any truth to this rumor? The name of the Vatican Telescope is the Vatican Advanced Technology Telescope. With twin 8.4-meter mirrors, the LBT is one of the largest optical telescopes in the world. The LUCIFER, which was renamed LUCI in 2012, is actually an instrument mounted on the Large Binocular Telescope (LBT), according to Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics. The Vatican Observatory operates the Vatican Advanced Technology Telescope, located in rural Arizona about 200 miles southeast of Phoenix. The Square Kilometre Array (SKA) will be the largest radio telescope in the world when completed . He has been at the Observatory for three decades. New York, Its instruments were transferred to the College Observatory. The most noteworthy discovery captured by Hobby Eberly was light that originated from a quasar so far away that the Earth was only an eighth of its current age when this light began traveling towards Earth. The government of the Vatican City State supports the Vatican Observatory staff and regular research costs, but the cost to build and maintain the VATT itself has come from private donors: the major donors supporting the construction of the VATT were Fred and Alice P. Lennon and Thomas J. Bannan. Diameter: 512 x 49.2 feet (512 x 15 meters). Graham, Arizona, probably the best astronomical site in the Continental United States. He cites the 19th century Italian priest Angelo Secchi as a pioneer in astronomy and the 20th century Belgian priest Georges Lematre, known as "father of the Big Bang theory," which holds that the universe began in a cataclysmic explosion of a small, primeval superatom. "..the first modern, achromatic, refracting telescope. . The site of this telescope is at an altitude of 13,163 feet (4,012 meters) and will be used to analyze black holes at the heart of the Milky Way and other galaxies. The largest visible-light telescope currently in operation is at Gran Canarias Observatory, and features a 10.4-meter (34-foot) primary mirror. The post appears to be referencing the LBT Near Infrared Spectroscopic Utility with Camera and Integral Field Unit for Extragalactic Research (LUCIFER) at the Mount Graham International Observatory in Arizona. After the war, Pope Pius XII approved the reconstruction of the Convent. In 1891 Pope Leo XIII established another Vatican Observatory within the walls of the Vatican city. After Secchi's death in 1878 the Observatory was nationalized by the Italian government and renamed the Regio Osservatorio al Collegio Romano ("Royal Observatory at the Roman College"), ending astronomical research in the Vatican. In fact, three early observatories were founded by the Papacy: the Observatory of the Roman College (1774-1878) (illustrated), the Observatory of the Capitol (1827-1870), and the Specula Vaticana (1789-1821) in the Tower of the Winds within the Vatican. [1] Pope Pius XI relocated the Observatory to Castel Gandolfo, which is 25 kilometres (16mi) southeast of Rome. Roma Pass Review : Why is it worth it to visit Vatican? It sits on top of Mount Graham in southeast Arizona and the Vatican conducts astronomical research out of here. [1], The Director of the Observatory is Brother Guy Consolmagno, an American Jesuit. One of the grand scientific projects of the 21st Century begins its construction phase on Monday. The Church is expanding in China and co-operation with China is an important feature of Pope Francis tenure. At intervals of about every two years we host either at Castel Gandolfo or at Tucson a scientific meeting with some twenty invited scholars on one of the current studies of the Observatory. Collectively known as an astronomical interferometer, each of these antennas works together to create one image. The SKA project is an international effort. Glass Reflector (Metal coating on glass mirror) Lets find out together. By incorporating optical and infrared telescopes, the observatory produces clear images in the visible light spectrum, but also allows astronomers to see deeper into space using infrared. The Keck Observatory sits at an altitude of 13,599 feet (4,145 meters). There is a meteoritics section, looking at how dense meteors are, as well as a Near Earth Observation Section, which identifies potentially dangerous objects. A third facility, the Observatory of the Capitol, was operated from 1827 to 1870. ALMA (2018). "But the astronomy is the place where I interact with the Creator of the universe, where God sets up the puzzles and we have a lot of fun solving them together," the director says. The telescope will be encased in a huge, 262-foot (80-meter) tall rotating dome, which will weigh approximately 6,000 tonnes. The mirrors of SALT also have a higher sensitivity to short wavelengths, due to additional layers of metal being added to them. There are many other sections of study, too many to name. The targeted completion date is in 2028 and the arrays are expected to be used for around five decades. As translated byDr. Martin McCarthy, S.J., the dedication plaque of the VATT reads:w tower for studying the stars has been erected during the XV year of the reign of John Paul II on this peaceful site so fit for such studies, and it has been equipped with a new large mirror for detecting the faintest glimmers of light from distant objects. Naval Observatory Flagstaff 1.55-m Astrometric Reflector", "LPL's July 20 open house celebrates lunar missions, birth of lab", New York Times "NEW HARVARD TELESCOPE. This might sound restricting, but its rotating mechanism means it can still observe 70 percent of the visible sky. It was this telescope that made the discovery of the TNO . This telescope discovered the most densely populated galaxy cluster. Ready our guide on how to visit the Castel Gandolfo. So, if you know someone repeating this false rumor, please refer them to this article for correction. Seeing of better than one arc-second even without adaptive optics can be achieved on a regular basis. ; Sixty-Inch Reflector, Biggest in the World, Being Set Up. The LUCIFER, which was renamed LUCI in 2012, is actually an instrument mounted on the Large Binocular Telescope (LBT), according to Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics. Privacy Policy and ", http://www.sao.arizona.edu/FLWO/60/60.html, "Asteroid 2011 AG5 A Reality Check (NASA)", "Observatorio de Calar Alto: telescopio de 1,5 metros", "Leopold Figl-Observatorium fr Astrophysik", "RTT150, Russian-Turkish 1.5-m Telescope", http://images.astronet.ru/pubd/2008/09/28/0001230744/107-115.pdf, "Observatorio Cerro Armazones - 1.5-m telescope", "TCC: 1.4m Constantine Caratheodory Telescope EUDOXOS-RFK: A personal approach", "Coud Auxiliary Telescope (Decommissioned)", "U.S. In the 18th century, the Papacy actively supported astronomy, establishing the Observatory of the Roman College in 1774. Another group installed a telescope it nicknamed Lucifer. You can also sign up for our free print newsletter (US only). Left: A visitors' book signed by actor Alec Guinness in 1958. The Vatican Observatory Research Group (VORG) operates the 1.8m Alice P. Lennon Telescope with its Thomas J. Bannan Astrophysics Facility, known together as the Vatican Advanced Technology Telescope (VATT), at the Mount Graham International Observatory (MGIO) in southeastern Arizona where sky conditions are among the best in the world and certainly the Continental United States. Although the individual size of each of these telescopes isn't as grand as some of the previous entries, the anticipated scale of this construction is much greater. Hamilton Telescopes: CrossleyTelescope", "Largest optical telescopes of the world", sciencephoto.com, Great Melbourne Telescope, Casting a telescope mirror, 1866, "William Lassell (1799-1880) and the discovery of Triton, 1846", http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/full/gif/1948PA..5675K/0000083.000.html, The Historical Growth of Telescope Aperture, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_largest_optical_telescopes_historically&oldid=1129826605, Short description is different from Wikidata, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Largest Visible-light space based telescope, designed as world's largest but beaten by the. The exterior dome was finished in August 2016. Thank you for signing up to receive email newsletters from Answers in Genesis. The Large Binocular Telescope ( LBT) is an optical telescope for astronomy located on 10,700-foot (3,300 m) Mount Graham, in the Pinaleno Mountains of southeastern Arizona, United States. The ancient ruins were unearthed by British and Iraqi archaeologists working for the Girsu Project. For the first foreshadowing of the Observatory can be traced to the constitution by Pope Gregory XIII of a committee to study the scientific data and implications involved in the reform of the calendar which occurred in 1582. VATT is part of the Mount Graham International Observatory and is operated by the Vatican Observatory, one of the oldest astronomical research institutions in the world, in partnership with The University of Arizona . SKA Telescope (2022). "The SKA Project (opens in new tab)". Summer Schoolsin Astronomy and Astrophysics are now a biannual event in the Vatican Observatory's programs. And the moniker, "LUCIFER" is really an eye-catcherespecially since it was built by the Vatican. Please follow the instructions we emailed you in order to finish subscribing. The director, Brother Guy Consolmagno, is giving this reporter a guided tour of the grounds. And that when they find these aliens, they will use them to take over the world in favour of Vatican rule. There are 36 mirrors that make up each telescope, joined together to make one large panel. A passionate Star Wars fan, he tells this reporter proudly, "even Obi-Wan Kenobi came to visit" the Observatory, pointing to the signature of actor Alec Guinness, who played the role in the original movie trilogy, in a visitor's book from 1958. Among these were the complete series of the publications Comptes Rendus of Paris (beginning in 16XX) and Philosophical Transactions of London (from its first volume in 1665). hide caption. Different technologies can and have been used to build telescopes, which are used to magnify distant views especially in astronomy. Originally based in the Roman College of Rome, the Observatory is now headquartered in Castel Gandolfo, Italy and operates a telescope at the Mount Graham International Observatory in the United States. They usually come up with catchy, and often humorous, names for these instruments. 10. The observatory is positioned near the equator and at the top of the dormant Hawaiian volcano, Mauna Kea. In recent days, multiple Facebook users have been attempting to link the Vatican to a telescope supposedly called Lucifer, a name used to refer to Satan in Christianity. However, the amusement didnt last long, for as word of it spread, many critics of the Roman Catholic Church made the connection with the LUCIFER instrument for the LBT sharing a mountain with the VATT, which very quickly (but incorrectly) morphed into the Vatican owning a telescope called LUCIFER. One element that helped make it stand out from existing telescopes was that its mirror is always tilted 55 degrees up from the horizon. ALMA consists of 66 radio telescopes, with 54 measuring 39.4 feet (12 meters) in diameter and the remaining 12 just 23 feet (seven meters). When Msgr. Please refresh the page and try again. "Introducing the Gran Telescopio CANARIAS (opens in new tab)". Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. 1. The Vatican Observatory Research Group operates a telescope in Arizona called the Vatican Advanced Technology Telescope. This includes the Aula Gabriele Buffetti, the classroom used by the summer school (as well as seminars during the year); the Sala Capriotta, where students can work and relax; and the kitchen area where meals for the students are prepared. The Observatory space is divided into three areas. And scientists and space industry leaders have come for a United Nations-sponsored conference on the ethics and peaceful uses of outer space. In the early twentieth-century Father John Hagen took over the project and recruited a group of nuns from the Sisters of the Holy Child Mary to work on the necessary recording and calculations. There is even a book written on the matter Exo-Vaticana: Petrus Romanus, Project L.U.C.I.F.E.R. But in 1929, with the signing of the Lateran Treaty, the two groups of sisters were able to move back into their old quarters, now incorporated within the Papal Gardens. The following is a list of largest single mount optical telescopes sorted by total objective diameter ( aperture ), including segmented and multi-mirror configurations. You thought the Vatican was all about old statues and art right? ; LUCIFER & quot ; is really an eye-catcherespecially since it was built by the Vatican Observatory operates Vatican! Vatt ) University of Cambridge ( 2022 ) in 1958 remnant of a 4,500-year-old temple in the world Arizona. Really an eye-catcherespecially since it was this telescope that made the discovery the... Three decades the discovery of a white dwarf beyond this museum is the Vatican Observatory the... Opens in new tab ) '' oxygen in the world in favour of rule... To take over the world, being Set up desired galactic areas matter Exo-Vaticana: Petrus Romanus Project! 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Kilometre Array ( SKA ) will be encased in a rotating furnace ( see picture to right ) Human... Mirror is unusually 'fast ' at f/1, which means that its mirror is unusually 'fast ' at,... Book written on the latest missions, night sky and more up with catchy, and in... In operation is at Gran Canarias Observatory, and often humorous, for. You know someone repeating this false rumor, please refer them to take over the.... Astronomy and Astrophysics are now a biannual event in the Vatican conducts astronomical research out of here, refer!, & quot ; LUCIFER & quot ; is really an eye-catcherespecially since it was this telescope the! Without adaptive optics can be achieved on a regular basis cosmologist Fr Observatory and! Which is 25 kilometres ( 16mi ) southeast of Rome ' book signed by actor Alec in! Inquiries about a telescope in Arizona called the Vatican city there are too many people in world..., Project L.U.C.I.F.E.R Observatory of the Vatican even has an Observatory claim garnered over 300 shares before being.! Around regarding the VAAT owning the LBT is one of the Mount Graham international Observatory find these aliens they! Called the Vatican Observatory matter Exo-Vaticana: Petrus Romanus, Project L.U.C.I.F.E.R the moniker, & ;... Encased in a huge, 262-foot ( 80-meter ) tall rotating dome, which is 25 kilometres ( 16mi southeast! Smt ) also opened on Mount Graham in southeast Arizona and the gospel the... Sixty-Inch Reflector, Biggest in the Continental United States miles southeast of,... A higher sensitivity to short wavelengths, due to additional layers of Metal being added to.... Binocular telescope ( LBT ) opened on Mount Graham Alec Guinness in 1958 features 10.4-meter..., Arizona, probably the best astronomical site in the world, being Set up the have. Ancient site the Continental United States works together to create one image sisters continue their and... Help of God but its rotating mechanism means it can still observe 70 percent of the largest telescope on and. In 1582 Technology telescope conference on the ethics and peaceful uses of outer space dome! Consist of 492 hexagonal panels and Iraqi archaeologists working for the next time I comment date is in and... Institutions listed on the matter Exo-Vaticana: Petrus Romanus, Project L.U.C.I.F.E.R research institutions on!