In a natural seedling recruitment, after a disturbance event the first set of species that settle and colonize an area are the pioneer species. Land reclamation has been a common practice to produce valuable land in coastal areas . But in most cases no proper EIA or landscape assessment is carried out [5]. The reclamation land which is in two phases is located on a reclaimed land of over 100 hectares. red, white and black mangroves) and seeds of nipa palm and Heritiera littoralis. The attractiveness of the coastline is resulting in population concentrations along the coastline, with a rate of urbanization slightly higher . The procedure attempts to convert unused land into useable land and contributes to the expansion of the land area, the creation of habitat for [] . Nipa palm (Nypa fruticans) is the major invasive species [12, 13] in the Niger Delta area and has over taken many mangrove forest and coastal areas. Yes, today, man will have his way but eventually, nature will have its way later. This is because their adventitious root system traps sediments during tidal flow, and accumulate it over a long period of time. There is nowhere along this zone that is more than 200 meters. He explained that such development constrains the free flow of water in its natural direction and alter the flow alignment from the primary drainage channels across the city, leading to widespread flooding even with a little volume of rainfall. It is a regular progress or change by plant and animal due to natural or anthropogenic disturbances. Today, we will consider other (though not all) land and landed property laws applicable in Nigeria. The loss to the environment is permanent and enormous because for over 34years no coastal species had grown in this area. Land reclamation and excessive tree felling have seen China's mangrove forests shrink from 500,000 hectares in the 1950s to 150,000 hectares today. The method is a natural recovery and a passive method of accomplishing restoration. Cultural activity such as fish farming results in the reclamation of coastal areas and the balkanization of river tributaries. Morewood Property after reclamation, now a golf course. Land reclamation is also known as land fill, it is the process of creating new land from ocean, riverbeds or lake beds. The palms are to be bulldozed with swamp buggies, mangrove top soil exported and seedlings planted to start a pioneer species in a mangrove protected area where no landscape reclamation activity occurs (Figure 10). Because of the non-use of the palms they had been removed from several locations with the aid of swamp buggies as a means of mitigating their negative environmental effect. The solidified area is used as a platform for construction activities. These small farms produce about 90% of the total food in Nigeria. Other types of land reclamation are dry method, hydraulic reclamation method, direct dumping, sand spreading and pumping inside the bumps. Ten waters (8 surface and 2 groundwater sources), 10 soil samples and air were collected and taken for analysis. Findings reveal that major reclamation projects in the city include, the Eko Atlantic city project, expected to accommodate 250, 000 inhabitants. The most dominant species found was white mangroves (Laguncularia racemosa) (108) followed by red mangroves (Rhizophora racemosa) (104), black mangroves (Avicennia germinans) (77) and nipa palm (Nypa fruticans) (17). One thing is certain; when you do reclamation like this, there are other aspects of the environment that you destroy. The fate of the land reclamation projects depends largely on various local government units. (A) Graph of species population along sampling points (T1, T2 and T3) indicates a decrease in number of species from point T1 (high nutrient content) to point T3 (low nutrient content); and (B) graph of concentration of physico-chemicals along within sites T1, T2 and T3. What we are doing in Lagos in terms of sand filling is not new but we need to get things right. This situation had led to the loss of many species. This indicates the significance of top soil in the restoration of a reclaimed site. According to him, artificial land reclamation activities have been an age-long war between man and nature, noting that Lagos state government needs to get things right and be careful as the exercise could lead to disastrous consequence. Others include the ongoing construction on the sand-filled former marshy area, renamed Golden View Estate, Ejigbo, along Ejigbo/Ikotun road by Cele-Egbe Bridge, the 100-hectare Gracefield Island to accommodate over 10,000 residents in Lagos Lagoon, the controversial 45-hectare Apple Island project, as well as reclamation activities in Lekki and Ajah areas. Political Map of Nigeria Map based on a UN map. People go as far as buying land in the bottom of the river for the purpose of future reclamation and development. The sand was brought out from the river by suction pressure through long pipes. It is often carried out in areas experiencing space constraints such as coastal cities or to increase the availability of agricultural land. While this is a fairly high percentage, the rural populations have dwindled down in recent years, down from 85% in 1960. This process of land reclamation is known as infilling while the materials used for it is known infilll. Ben Ayade for allowing a level playing field at the Cross River North senatorial election of Feb. 25. Rural areas, which consist mostly of low-density grid cells (<300 inhabitants per km 2 ). Large-scale reclamation projects made land more valuable in places like . One of the focal points is the much touted urban development that has taken place in Eti-Osa LGA, via land reclamation exercise, especially since 1983 when the Lagos state government began to allocate the Lekki Peninsula for urban development purpose. This process is called artificial seedling recruitment on reclaimed land [16]. The major purpose of land reclamation is to restore degraded land, but in the Niger Delta land reclamation is used to acquire land from coastal communities for the purpose of expanding land surface for construction of houses for human habitation. Increasing population in small communities had also led to the reclamation of coastal areas to create room for the construction of houses to accommodate more people. The side of the sand filled area was piled up to form balkanization against the inflow of river water. Kansai International Airport (in Osaka) and Hong Kong International Airport are examples where this process was deemed necessary. An example is a nipa palm invaded area. Invasion of foreign species in coastal areas is another precursor to land reclamation activity aimed at remediating the sites in the Niger Delta region. Other areas in the world that land reclamation has taken place are: Mumbai (India), Giant Sea Wall in Jakarta (Indonesia), Manila Bay (Phillipines), Kobe (Japan), Aukland, Wellington and Dunedin (New Zealand), Palm Deira, Yas Island and Al Lulu Island (UAE), and so on. Industries also flock around coastal areas because of the ease of transportation of goods and equipments. When mangroves are removed via landscape reclamation, coastal areas lose the ability to slow down run off, filter pollutants, and retain soil. Agricultural activities such as rice paddies and aquaculture are embarked upon in swampy coastal locations [14]. This action had further reduced the width of the coasts, leading to increased tidal flooding of terrestrial areas. Land reclamation is the process of creating new land from the sea; towns to use as examples should be those close to riverine areas in the country. Public position begets public scrutiny and it opens up a vista of shared opinions, assumptions and commentaries on the affairs of governance and public trust. Similarly, the intertidal or littoral ecosystems, which are areas where the ocean meets the land face destruction during landscape reclamation. Speaking on the Oworonsoki land reclamation exercise, Commissioner for Waterfront Infrastructure Development, Ade Akinsanya said that the project would add immense economic values to the state. It is business on the part of those doing it because poor people dont benefit from the houses being built on the reclaimed land. You set a kind of disequilibrium in the environment. In alphabetical order, the states are as follows: Abia, Adamawa, Akwa Ibom, Anambra, Bauchi, Bayelsa, Benue, Borno, Cross River, Delta, Ebonyi, Edo, Ekiti, Enugu, Gombe, Imo, Jigawa, Kaduna, Kano, Katsina, Kebbi, Kogi, Kwara, Lagos, Nasarawa, Niger, Ogun, Ondo, Osun, Oyo, Plateau, Rivers, Sokoto, Taraba, Yobe, Zamfara. Another importance of land reclamation in Nigeria is that it can be used to create artificial islands where they have not existed before. The general principle governing land-tenure is that land is common property of the tribe as represented by the chief of the political group. Sand spreading is when a spreader is mounted on a small floating barge; so sand is discharged alongside with water through perforations in the pipe. He however, berated the sponsors of the reclamation exercise, adding that the estates they are constructing in the reclaimed areas dont accommodate the low and the middle class, adding that their motive is primarily to make money. One cannot jettison the issue raised by UN-Habitat and Ibidun Adelekan as regards the problem of flooding that can stem from massive land reclamation because coastal areas such as Lekki, Victoria Island and Ikoyi on several occasions have been ravaged by flood. Probably half of The Netherlands is a reclaimed land from the sea. Succession is an ecological process, which is a change in species composition of communities over time. Such administrative control of the land by the chief is referred to by Highly placed individuals prefer constructing their houses along coastal areas. Crude oil pipeline and well head situated in reclaimed coastal area in the Niger Delta, Nigeria. The following are natural resources found in land in Nigeria: columbite, dolomite, gold, tin, iron ore, limestone, silver, uranium and crude oil. Mangroves provide various ecosystem services such as food, medicine, tools and construction materials. Examples of artificial islands in Nigeria include Banana Island, Ikoyi, Lagos, Gracefield Island, Lekki, Lagos, The Eko Atlantic, Victoria Island, and Lagos. The environmental problem of this practice is that the sand dumped by the shore smothers plants and animals around the area and changes the coast from a marshy to a sandy area. This condition is believed to be caused by high concentration of soil nutrients at the end of the sand fill area that flowed in with the river water during high tide. They engage in it with a view to getting additional land for industrial purpose, building, roads construction and other activities. However, there are other types of land reclamation, depending on the type of fill material, topography of the seabed and the type of equipment available. The government sometimes forcefully acquires coastal areas from the native community, remove the mangrove forest and sand fill the area in other to establish projects beneficial to the public. Population increase has led to the migration of people towards the coastal locations. Nigeria has the largest population of any African country. Invasion: this is as a result of the migration of people into coastal communities in search of new technologies that provide job opportunities. The development of the Eko Atlantic City is being done in collaboration between Lagos state government and the organised private sector that is responsible for the funding of the project. Analyzing further, Adelekan posited that the changing land cover in the Lagos coastal area shows that between 1986 and 2002, the amount of developed land comprisingresidential, industrial, commercial, transportation and other use had experienced tremendous increase from 85.4 square kilometres (43.36per cent) to 111.9 square kilometres (56.8per cent). Decrease in water level affect intertidal level especially when areas along the shore receive no water supply and become dry. During canalization, earth moving dredgers are deployed to excavate the benthic soil. Similarly, reckless and indiscriminate hunting in opened forest reduces population and thus reduces species diversity, which may lead to extinction of some species. Thus the removal of vegetation loosens the soil and makes it susceptible to the force of erosion. mangrove wetlands. Like other Atlantic Cities in some parts of the world, Eko Atlantic is constructed to be a citadel of infrastructural development because it is designed to create over 250,000 new jobs and address housing deficit. It is a system where plants and animals have advantage in reserved area. This includes zooplankton, phytoplankton, benthic organisms and fisheries. The proposed reclamation in Penang island is reflective of a market-driven redevelopment - a common global trend which aims to transform any disorderly and substandard areas into modern, organised urban spaces fit for capital accumulation. Coastal areas are often favorite sites for establishing industries that need river water to cool turbines. Port-Harcourt, Warri and Lagos are at the sea level. Here in Nigeria, the trend of reclamation of land is very common in Lagos, the nations commercial capital, a coastal city that is located in the South West of Nigeria. These activities are common in areas where there are coastal vegetation e.g. Specifically, the mangrove root network hosts fish, shellfish, crabs, snakes, etc. Undoubtedly it would be technically possible to reclaim much, possible most of the Wash, but there are a couple of obstacles. The sponsors are also of the view that it would make considerable impact in the economic development of Lagos and Nigeria due to its strategic location. Ibidun Adelekan, claimed further in its article Vulnerability of Poor Urban Coastal Communities to Flooding in Lagos that the present development of the Lekki Peninsula has been embarked upon with little or no consideration for sea-level rise, arguing that this trend poses serious risks of flooding. Terrestrial land form eventually evolves from an aquatic environment after solidification. The continuous pumping and pouring of sand ashore after a while lead to the formation of sand mountains, which are more often abandoned at the end of the business (Figure 4). description of the basic customary land tenure rules in Nigeria. The project is a replica of striking islands like Songo International Business District in South Korea and Palm Deira in UAE which were also achieved through land reclamation. Cities on China's coast reclaimed an average of 700 square kilometres of land - that's about the size of Singapore - from the sea every year from 2006 to 2010 for new houses, industrial . This is because such activities lead to the clearing of the mangrove forest and other coastal vegetation. Several laws have been enforced to restrict construction in certain important zones and simultaneously laws have been levied to reclaim land from these zones. Land reclamation is also known as land fill, it is the process of creating new land from ocean, riverbeds or lake beds. One of the focal points is the much touted urban development that has taken place in Eti-Osa LGA, via land reclamation exercise, especially since 1983 when the Lagos state g. overnment began to allocate the Lekki Peninsula for urban development purpose. The deadline for the reclamation activity is 2022. It is noteworthy that Songo International Business District also in South Korea which is reputed to be the largest private development in the country is built on a reclaimed land in the area of Incheon waterfront. If those locations belong to them by law, there should be no cause for alarm. Land reclamation is the process of constructing fabricated land from oceans, seas, rivers and lake beds. However, experts said, the exploitation of land and dredging for construction works in Lagos, pose a great threat to the growth of the city, especially with the fast erosion of the shorelines due to higher water levels caused by climate change. Irabor said: Nearly every part of the Netherlands was reclaimed from the sea. Centralization: these are lands that are regarded as focal points as a result of their economic value. This method is suitable for granular fill. The city was the capital of Nigeria between 1960 and 1975. Land reclamation in the Niger Delta passes through five phases, which in all ramifications affect the environment. Answer this The restoration of tidal force, edaphic factors and climatic effect will encourage natural recruitment of seedlings. The economy is all about the desire for resources and land. Some small towns, notably Minna, Uyo, Makurdi, Maiduguri, and Bauchi, experienced remarkable growth in population and economy after becoming state capitals. Apart from the Island areas; other places in the mainland such as Oworonshoki (Third Mainland Bridge axis) and areas of Ikorodu have been undergoing extensive land reclamation for developmental purpose. Publishing on IntechOpen allows authors to earn citations and find new collaborators, meaning more people see your work not only from your own field of study, but from other related fields too. This facility is situated at a coastal community that is land-locked. Apart from the risk of flooding that it portends, the activity has greatly aggravated the predicament of many residents in some of the affected areas. Diamond Island is located at Ilubirin Foreshore Estate and is being done by Lagos state government and a dredging company. The direct causes include: (i) land expansion, (ii) construction activities, (iii) land acquisition and (iv) succession (land-forming activities of mangroves). Investigations show that some developers evade the process wantonly, thus, land reclamation is often resulting to flooding, human displacement, building collapse, large displacement of the marine sediments and the development of mud-waves as well as the disruption of the oceans ecosystem. It could also lead to fish kills and smothering of aquatic organisms. The aim is to prevent the destruction of the ecosystem by human activities such as sand mining, exploration, hunting and fishing. Intertidal areas, which are above water lines, are more often the site for reclamation. These are commonly flooding because there is no shelter bay to take the runoff from the land areas. I dont want to say whether it is good or bad for now but we need to be careful because nature will eventually have its way, Faniran warned. Land reclamation Boskalis is a global expert in sustainable and cost-competitive land reclamation. The land reclaimed is known as reclamation ground or land fill . sea-side resort, roads, houses, light poles and shopping malls. The environmental degradation has become so serious that human life is sometimes impacted as well. Artificial islands are an example of land reclamation. Exploratory activities bring about the reclamation of coastal lands for the purpose of laying pipelines. Perhaps, the most popular so far among the land reclamation projects is Eko Atlantic City project w. hich kick started in 2008. Narrating their ordeal to Premium Times last year, the residents whose hope of economic survival has been tampered with, have tales of woe to tell concerning their awful experience. Our team is growing all the time, so were always on the lookout for smart people who want to help us reshape the world of scientific publishing. Giving grim report of the matter, he said: All I do these days is to hang around the neighbourhood and hope that the tide increases so I can go out to fish. The only one that Lagos state government is not involved is Imperial City which is done in partnership between the Elegushi Royal Family and Channeldrill Resources Limited. The intertidal environment is naturally a tough place for organisms to live, however, with the addition of reclamation activities the ability of organisms to survive is denigrated. This area was also dredged and converted to terrestrial surface in the early 1980s (Figure 3). Brief introduction to this section that descibes Open Access especially from an IntechOpen perspective, Want to get in touch? The Great Garuda, Indonesia Project cost: $40bn (28bn) | Land to be reclaimed: 12.5km2. It involves human beings because they are the ones that cause problems for biodiversity. In the course of this period a small outlet was created by the side of the sand filled area, which allowed the entry of river water into the sand filled area during high tide. It is the replacement of populations in a habitat through a regular progression over time to a stable state following a disturbance. Minna. Ayade whom he defeated at election, Israel police crack down on legal reform protest, Court dismisses certificate forgery suit against Tinubu, Afroganiks calls for more clinical trials on herbal-based drugs, partners LASUTH, Dissecting Ikpeazus politics, policies and Abia agenda, African Development Bank Group President appoints Senegals former Minister Amadou Hott as Special Envoy for the Alliance for Green Infrastructure in Africa, Land use reform in Nigeria: Removing stifling bottlenecks. The Missouri Department of Natural Resources is the administrative authority working through the Missouri Mining Commission. Located in the west-central part of Nigeria, Minna is a quiet and beautiful city in Nigeria. Agricultural activities can lead to the reclamation of coastal area to establish rice paddies, aquaculture and crop farms. At about 345 people per square mile, it is also the most densely populated country in Africa. The succession process in the Niger Delta occurs in three phases (Figure 7). Ilubirin is also a new one which has been viewed as a viable project that is being undertaken by the Lagos State Ministry of Housing and First Investment Development Company, and it is estimated to gulp about $500million (N200 billion). But in the last two months I have not caught a single fish. The plants growing on the sand fill area are between 0.5m and 1.0m tall. Economic land on the other hand, is part of physical land that can be used to produce economic commodities for mans satisfaction [2]. The problem is that mangroves provide numerous ecosystem services to the local people while the palms provide no ecosystem service to the people. According to him, the ideal way is for the Ministries of Waterfront Infrastructure Development and Physical Planning and Urban Development to lead a Lagos Lagoon Management Plan, a 30-year master plan that will detail the usage, preservation and envision what Lagos Lagoon will look like in the next three decades. This occurs during off-shore drilling in mangrove swamps. The soil chemistry is also affected by the manures and fertilizers that come from the farm and the waste from fish ponds. Segregation: this is when units or communities cluster together based on homogeneity of ideals or goals. On the Ejigbo development, Dr. Salako pledged to stop the project, stressing that anyone who reclaims, sand-fill or dredges land in the state without clearance from the ministry of the waterfront is doing it illegally. There are also some burrowing organisms that dig into shore sand. Land that is reclaimed is used for construction of schools, hospitals, roads and bridges. One, two, three, four, five, 42, 43 and 44 long years later, the Land Use Decree of 1978, promulgated by the military regime of General Olusegun Obasanjo, now retired, remains the governing law on land use in Nigeria. An example is Buguma, an island town in the Niger Delta, which formerly had less than 100,000 people, but over the years rose to over 300,000 people. A research article published by Ibidun Adelekan titled Vulnerability of Poor Urban Coastal Communities to Flooding in Lagos, Nigeria says: Metropolitan Lagos, situated on the narrow lowland coastal stretch bordering the Atlantic Ocean and originally covered with mangrove swamps, has experienced significant land cover changes as a result of past and present land reclamation activities to secure land for urban development., The article says further: In 1960, Lagos covered an area of about 200 square kilometres, but by the beginning of the twenty-first century, its contiguously built-up area was estimated at about 1,140 square kilometers, and sections of the metropolis along the coastline have high population Densities.. Nigeria: Land Disputes and Communal Clashes 22 January 2021 This Day (Lagos) editorial The authorities must do more to contain the growing problem The recent imposition of curfew on Aguleri,. The development of the Eko Atlantic City is being done in collaboration between Lagos state government and the organised private sector that is responsible for the funding of the project. While speaking with Vanguard, Osawe said he sees nothing wrong with the exercise, in as much as it is done in the proper way. The situation also highlights contradictions in Nigeria's legal and regulatory frameworks. It also involves the establishment of well heads and booth camps. Evacuation of the tree stumps lead to the loss of many soil organisms from their habitat. Nigeria has a land mass area of 923,768 km and places a broad and high significance on land reclamation. Hong Kong Chief Executive Carrie Lam is backing a plan to throw $64 billion . Lending his voice on the matter, an environmentalist, Osawe Irabors view differs from those of Nwilo, Faniran and Afegbua. It is a strategy for protecting or restoring the function, structure and species composition of an ecosystem while providing for its sustainable socioeconomic use. Luloff, James C. Finley and Donald G. Hodges. Open Access is an initiative that aims to make scientific research freely available to all. UNITED KINGDOM, Landscape Reclamation - Rising From What's Left, Reasons for land reclamation in the Niger Delta, Impact of land reclamation on mangrove and coastal environment, Impact of landscape reclamation on marine ecosystem, The role of human ecology in land reclamation. Therefore, the best option is to remediate it so that it will carry out its ecological functions even if it results to another landform. The conversion of a coastal area to a terrestrial area via developmental projects is a human-mediated succession. The country features 36 states and its Federal Capital Territory, which is known as Abuja.The country of Nigeria features over five hundred different ethnic groups, many different languages, and declared its independence from the United Kingdom on October 1, 1960. The sand-filled area to date has no mangrove growth, but rather different grass species. The latest reclamation project Lantau Tomorrow Vision, for example, is an ambitious plan to reclaim 1,700 hectares of land for more public housing. I have this example for you. Also some of the communities where flooding was not prevalent are now battling with serious flooding. Oshodi, who was the immediate past vice chairman, Lagos branch of the Nigerian Institute of Town Planners (NITP), said since the green-fields are shrinking within the city, water-bodies would continue to attract various development interests. ricky harris obituary, : //howtrades.com/mtn-dew/ricky-harris-obituary '' > ricky harris obituary < /a > 28bn ) | to... 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