Sensitive and delicate, she passively suffers the abuse of her mother, father, and classmates. Chollys father, who abandoned Chollys mother when she got pregnant. The line wasn't Maginot's idea alone, but he helped push the ambitious, multimillion-franc project through parliament. -Graham S. The girls misunderstanding of what their parents mean by the word "ruined" speaks to their naivet with regard to sexual matters. The moment with the doctors is crucial, and is yet another scene in which we can study the gaze and how it functions. 11. [18] French decision-makers knew that the victory of 1918 had been achieved because the British Empire and the United States were allies in the war and that the French would have been defeated on their own. Not affiliated with Harvard College. By signing up you agree to our terms and privacy policy. Saltzman provided art director Syd Cain with a tour of the complex. Read an in-depth analysis of Cholly Breedlove. (one code per order). Morrison also manages to humanize Marie (the Maginot Line) without sugar-coating her. Teachers and parents! She then throws her root-beer bottle down at the girls' feet and laughs loudly, terrifying the girls, who run until they can't run any farther. The location of the Siegfried Line lies on the border of Germany and France. You go around it. Constructed on the French side of its borders with Italy, Switzerland, Germany, Luxembourg and Belgium, the line did not extend to the English Channel. The specification of the defences was very high, with extensive and interconnected bunker complexes for thousands of men; there were 45 main forts (grands ouvrages) at intervals of 15km (9.3mi), 97 smaller forts (petits ouvrages) and 352 casemates between, with over 100km (62mi) of tunnels. Youve successfully purchased a group discount. Thanks for creating a SparkNotes account! A defensive strategy based on the Maginot Line was an excellent way of demonstrating to Britain that France was not an aggressive power and would only go to war in the event of German aggression, a situation that would make it more likely that Britain would enter the war on France's side.[28]. Her jealousy shows her inability to conceptualize the trauma incurred during such an experience. When the Allied forces invaded in June 1944, the line, now held by German defenders, was again largely bypassed; fighting touched only portions of the fortifications near Metz and in northern Alsace towards the end of 1944. [18] The decision to build the Maginot Line in 1929 was a tacit French admission that without the Rhineland as collateral, Germany was soon going to rearm and that the terms of Part V had a limited lifespan. By referring to the floor as hers, Mrs. Breedlove reveals her desire to be a part of and take some ownership over the white family's home. Her family, looking for a better life, migrates from Alabama to Kentucky while she is a girl. Their misinterpretation highlights their innocence. In the following days, infantry divisions of the 1st Army attacked fortifications on each side of the penetration, capturing four petits ouvrages. These generally had two floors, with a firing level and a support/infrastructure level that provided the troops with rest and services (power-generating units, reserves of water, fuel, food, ventilation equipment, etc.). [50] Kaufmann and Kaufmann point to the Maginot Line along the Italian border, which "demonstrated the effectiveness of the fortifications when properly employed".[51]. The word cloche is a French term meaning bell due to its shape. Creating notes and highlights requires a free LitCharts account. The original text plus a side-by-side modern translation of. Safety Quarters were built near the major fortifications so fortress (ouvrage) crews could reach their battle stations in the shortest possible time in the event of a surprise attack during peacetime. Frieda equates being "ruined" to being like the Maginot Line, because she heard her mother say that the Maginot Line was a "ruined" woman. 20% [53] New York Times headlined "Maginot Line in the Sky" in 2000[54] and "A New Maginot Line" in 2001. But does that mean that the Maginot Line was the colossal blunder that many historians have made it out to be? The line has since become a metaphor for expensive efforts that offer a false sense of security.[1]. She accepts everyone elses assumption that she is superior and is capable of both generosity and cruelty. We're sorry, SparkNotes Plus isn't available in your country. It even included air conditioning and underground railways for reinforcements. Your subscription will continue automatically once the free trial period is over. One of Cholly's happiest memories is of Blue Jack smashing a watermelon and sharing the heart with him. But after a few days of following M'Dear's prescription, Aunt Jimmy eats a peach cobbler and dies. Infantry Casemates: These bunkers were armed with twin machine-guns (abbreviated as JM Jumelage de mitrailleuses in French) and anti-tank guns of 37 or 47mm (1.5 or 1.9in). However, the French line was weak near the Ardennes Forest. But they still do not know what ruined means, and not understanding what makes the prostitute distasteful to their mother, they focus on what makes the prostitute distasteful to themher fatness. Pecolas father, who is impulsive and violentfree, but in a dangerous way. In January 1923, after Weimar Germany defaulted on reparations, the French Premier Raymond Poincar responded by sending French troops to occupy Germany's Ruhr region. French military chiefs were dubious about their ability to win another war against Germany on its own, especially an offensive war. There are 142 ouvrages, 352 casemates, 78 shelters, 17 observatories and around 5,000 blockhouses in the Maginot Line.[a]. During the German offensive Operation Nordwind in January 1945, Maginot Line casemates and fortifications were utilised by Allied forces, especially in the Bas-Rhin department in Grand Est, and some German units had been supplemented with flamethrower tanks in anticipation of this possibility. 9. She is given to fussing aloud and to singing the blues. Pecola, not knowing that the meat is poisoned, brings it to the dog. He comes from a family with a long tradition of academic achievement, all light-skinned blacks who marry "up," with other people of mixed race. Just six weeks after Hitler began his land invasion of the country, France surrendered to Germany. Please wait while we process your payment. PDFs of modern translations of every Shakespeare play and poem. Find related themes, quotes, symbols, characters, and more. These various structures reinforced a principal line of resistance made up of the most heavily armed ouvrages, which can be roughly translated as fortresses or big defensive works. He rents from an old woman with a nasty, aging dog named Bob. His rape of Pecola is motivated by hatredthe text says explicitly that he despises his daughter for loving him because he is painfully aware of his failures. She is pretty, playful andaffectionate. The local prostitues, Miss Marie (also known as the Maginot Line) is fat and affectionate, China is skinny and sarcastic, and Poland is quiet. Complete your free account to request a guide. The secret German-Soviet cooperation started in 1921. This chapter emphasizes the ignorance and confusion that accompany Friedas experience of becoming a sexual being. Claudia wonders, almost enviously, how being touched in this way feels, but Frieda rejects this questionwhat is important is not how she feels but what has been done to her and how her parents react. She is lonely and imaginative. Best summary PDF, themes, and quotes. She then tells the girls that they can wait with her until Pecola is back, offering them pop to drink while they wait. Its enormous cost and its failure to prevent German forces from invading France have caused journalists and political commentators to remain divided on whether the line was worthwhile. To put this geography into perspective, Germany is not much bigger than the state of Wisconsin. Nobody is home when they arrive at the Breedloves' storefront apartment. [27] For economic reasons, the success of the strategy of la guerre de longue dure would at the very least require Britain to maintain a benevolent neutrality, preferably to enter the war as an ally as British sea power could protect French imports while depriving Germany of hers. Pecolas fourteen-year-old brother, who copeswith his familys problems by running away fromhome. [15] The German statement following The Manchester Guardian's article that Germany did not feel bound by the terms of Versailles and would violate them as much as possible gave much offence in France. [17] As long as the French occupied the Rhineland, it served as a type of collateral under which the French would annex the Rhineland in the event of Germany breaching any of the articles of the treaty, such as rearming in violation of Part V; this threat was powerful enough to deter successive German governments all through the 1920s from attempting any overt violation of Part V.[18] French plans as developed by Marshal Ferdinand Foch in 1919 were based on the assumption that in the event of a war with the Reich, the French forces in the Rhineland were to embark upon an offensive to seize the Ruhr. Still, the last French troops left the Rhineland in June 1930 in exchange for Germany accepting the Young Plan. If you don't see it, please check your spam folder. The association between spring and the pain of being beaten not only speaks to the punishment Claudia and Frieda receives at home, but in a larger sense, foreshadows the brutal events that will occur in the narrative during the Spring season, including Frieda's sexual assault and Pecola's rape. "Bluest Eye Spring Summary and Analysis". They also misinterpret Mrs. MacTeer's words and attempt to avert Frieda's "ruin," misunderstanding the words of adults. The location of this attack, chosen because of the location of the Maginot Line, was through the Belgian Ardennes Forest (sector 4), which is off the map to the left of Maginot Line sector 6 (as marked). Purchasing A third-person omniscient narrator describes Cholly's life. By entering your email address you agree to receive emails from SparkNotes and verify that you are over the age of 13. [clarification needed] The line stretched from Switzerland to Luxembourg and a much lighter extension was extended to the Strait of Dover after 1934. Mr. MacTeer chased Mr. Henry off, beating him first and then firing a gun at him. Spring arrives, and Claudia associates this event with being whipped with a switch instead of a strap. Its construction created a false sense of security, which was widely believed by the French population. The Maginot Line was impervious . The Maginot Line is upstairs on the porch drinking root beer, and she tells the children that Pecola is helping her mother at her workplace. Artillery was coordinated with protective measures to ensure that one fort could support the next in line by bombarding it directly without harm. Pauline, in turn, humanizes the horse, and understands that by looking into the animal's eyes one can see that its feelings are as real as those of a human being. He is a pedophile who loves to touch little girls. What does the little girl call Mrs Breedlove? How Hitler's Blitzkrieg Tactic Shocked the Allies in WWII. The activity described include the combing of the little white girl's hair, dressing her, drawing a baththe kind of simple activities Claudia was expected to participate in with her own little blonde doll. The insinuation that Frieda might be "ruined" does not make Mrs. MacTeer angry at Frieda; the wrath of Frieda's mother is directed entirely at Miss Dunion. 14. Contact us $24.99 Cholly knows nothing of love and little of faithfulness or family. Pecola is confused and talks about how nice Miss Marie (that is, the Maginot Line) and her friends are. on 2-49 accounts, Save 30% He doesn't poison the dog because he's terrified of personal contact with the animal. Under the Treaty of Versailles, France was to occupy the Rhineland region of Germany until 1935. The theme of love's scarcity can be seen in the treatment of Marie and the other prostitutes, whose names recall their vulnerable status. They find Pecola at the back of one of the prettiest houses. The Germany-facing section of the Maginot Line presented a string of obstacles, traps and artillery forts that ran 16 miles (25 kilometers) deep in places. The French had been building state-of-the-art fortresses and fortified cities along the German border for centuries. He has a gruff manner toward little Blackgirls. The girls admire her light skin and social status, and they are jealous of both. But modern historians are increasingly making a bold claim: It wasn't the Maginot Line that failed, it was diplomacy and French armored tactics. The Britishwho openly championed the German position on reparationsapplied intense economic pressure on France to change its policies towards Germany. Besides that, a few private houses are built atop some blockhouses.[34]. They had such features as electric generators, ventilation systems, water supplies, kitchens and heating, which allowed their occupants to hold out in the event of an attack. Morrison Deconstructs White Standards of Beauty in The Bluest Eye, The Unexamined Other: Confronting the Social Hypocrisy of Maureen in The Bluest Eye. First-person narrative by Claudia MacTeer. "My students can't get enough of your charts and their results have gone through the roof." 5. Sadly, Maureen uses what they admire against them, she even taunts Picola with Bluest Eye study guide contains a biography of Toni Morrison, literature essays, quiz questions, major themes, characters, and a full summary and analysis. Dunion. Frieda ran from the house to find her parents, who were in the garden, and told them what had happened. Music Producer, Rapper, Gamer, Artist , Just trying to make it through this thing called LIFE!! The blocks contained infrastructure such as power stations, independent ventilating systems, barracks and mess halls, kitchens, water storage and distribution systems, hoists, ammunition stores, workshops and spare parts and food stores. Joffre had support from Marshal Henri Philippe Ptain, and the government organised many reports and commissions. It was part of a bigger plan to force a German attack through Belgium. In the wake of that catastrophic war, the French government vowed to protect its vulnerable northeast border with Germany from any future attacks. Don't worry none.". Definitions and examples of 136 literary terms and devices. Claudias mother, an authoritarian and sometimes callous woman who nonetheless steadfastly loves and protects her children. Claudia's assumption that sexual interaction always feels good suggests an innocence that Frieda no longer has. You'll also get updates on new titles we publish and the ability to save highlights and notes. She has renounced her own black family for the family of her white employer. This moment is something to bear in mind later on, when we learn what happens to Pecola under similar circumstances. The British diplomat Sir Eric Phipps, who attended the conference, commented afterwards that: The London Conference was for the French 'man in the street' one long Calvary as he saw M. Herriot abandoning one by one the cherished possessions of French preponderance on the Reparations Commission, the right of sanctions in the event of German default, the economic occupation of the Ruhr, the French-Belgian railway Rgie, and finally, the military occupation of the Ruhr within a year. Another complication was Holland, and the various governments never resolved their problems.[29]. Through the window they see Mr. Henry inside with, legs and an ugly face. Continue to start your free trial. Humiliated but also powerless, Cholly keeps at it until the hunters grow bored and leave. Claudias father, who works hard to keep the familyfed and clothed. He tortures the family cat and harasses children who come to the nearby playground. She becomes sole breadwinner while Sammy and Pecola are still young. During peacetime, fortresses were only partly manned by full-time troops. Two telephone wires were placed parallel to the line of fortifications, providing redundancy in case a wire gets cut. Nazi Germany Conquers France: April 1940-December 1940, Constructing an Unbreakable Wall of Defense, The Nazis' End-run Around the Maginot Line, Special Offer on Antivirus Software From HowStuffWorks and TotalAV Security, multiple books on World War II military campaigns, magnificent fortified town of Neuf-Brisach, a string of obstacles, traps and artillery forts. Continue to start your free trial. (including. Her desire to disavow her daughter is proved when the white girl asks who the black children were and Mrs. Breedlove avoids answering her. Over time, she begins to devote all of her energy to taking care of the Fishers' home, and neglects her own home. The largest guns were, therefore 135mm (5.3in) fortress guns; larger weapons were to be part of the mobile forces and were to be deployed behind the lines. The infantry manned the lighter weapons of the fortresses and formed units with the mission of operating outside if necessary. Frieda is angered by her experience and ready to take action rather than remain ashamed and defeated. [10], The training was carried out at a fortress near the town of Bitche in Moselle in Lorraine, built in a military training area and so capable of live fire exercises. Born Elihue Micah Whitcomb, he is a light-skinned West Indian misanthrope and self-declared Reader, Adviser, and Interpreter of Dreams. He hates all kinds of human touch, with the exception of the bodies of young girls. These impressive fortifications 142 large artillery forts called ouvrages or "works," 352 fortified gun emplacements called "casemates," and 5,000 smaller bunkers and pillboxes became known as the Maginot Line, named after the French politician Andr Maginot (pronounced Mah-ji-noh). A period of sustained Francophobia broke out in Britain, with Poincar being vilified in Britain as a cruel bully punishing Germany with unreasonable reparations demands. She is surprised to see them, and they ask her why she is not afraid of the Maginot Line. Renews March 8, 2023 Some of the larger ouvrages were converted to command centres. . Members will be prompted to log in or create an account to redeem their group membership. For the girls, the beauty of the homes likewise signifies their worth and the worth of the people who live in them. Their purpose was to locate the enemy, direct and correct the indirect fire of artillery, and report on the progress and position of critical enemy units. Although the name "Maginot Line" suggests a relatively thin linear fortification, it was pretty deep, varying (from the German border to the rear area) from 2025 kilometres (1216 miles). The family of Elihue Whitcomb displays a kind of mixed-race person who lives in colonial societymore fortunate than pureblooded natives, they are still ultimately powerless, allowed to occupy only the most meaningless government positions, allowed to be educated but never to rule. Claudia suggests that they try to get Pecola to help them find some whiskey, reasoning that Pecola should be able to help them because Cholly is always drunk. Static defensive positions were therefore intended not only to buy time but to economise on men by defending an area with fewer and less mobile forces. Use up and down arrows to review and enter to select. Read an in-depth analysis of Claudia MacTeer. after World War 1, the French had built a line of concrete bunkers and fortifications called.. Battle of Britain. The final line was strongest around the industrial regions of Metz, Lauter and Alsace, while other areas were, in comparison, only weakly guarded. While an understanding of the Line's creation is vital to any study of World War I, World War II, and the period in between, this knowledge is also helpful when interpreting a number of modern references. Check out the Hackenberg Maginot Fort, now a military museum offering tours, and the Schoenenbourg Fort. Attacking on 10 May, German forces were well into France within five days and they continued to advance until 24 May, when they stopped near Dunkirk. Built between 1930 and 1940, France 's Maginot Line was a massive system of defenses that became famous for failing to stop a German invasion. Here the Line ran east-west, around the villages of Rittershoffen and Hatten, south of Wissembourg. The Maginot Line took 10 years to build, starting in 1929. Read an in-depth analysis of Pecola Breedlove. It was composed of an intricate system of strong points, fortifications and military facilities such as border guard posts, communications centres, infantry shelters, barricades, artillery, machine-gun and anti-tank-gun emplacements, supply depots, infrastructure facilities and observation posts. [21] Reflecting memories of World War I, the French General Staff had developed the concept of la puissance du feu ("the power of fire"), the power of artillery dug in and sheltered by concrete and steel, to inflict devastating losses on an attacking force. [12], The great conclusion that was drawn in Paris after the Ruhrkampf and the 1924 London Conference was that France could not make unilateral military moves to uphold Versailles as the resulting British hostility to such moves was too dangerous to the republic. This was impossible elsewhere as the other parts of the line were located in civilian areas.[10]. on 50-99 accounts. for a group? Frieda narrates the whole story to Claudia: Mr. Henry made sexual advances at Frieda, who ran to tell her parents. They had found that the question of the cou- He knows his father's nameSamson Fullerand he finds him gambling in an alley, but his father has long since forgotten that he had a son. Nevertheless, Maxime Weygand signed the surrender instrument and the army was ordered out of their fortifications to be taken to POW camps. They were also accommodated in complexes of wooden housing adjacent to each fortress, which were more comfortable than living inside, but were not expected to survive wartime bombardment. The girls walk all the way to the rich part of town where Mrs. Breedlove works. At the house where Polly Breedlove works, we see where Mrs. Breedlove gives most of her attention and love. If the animal eats the meat and behaves strangely, her wish will be granted. Consequently, the Germans invaded through the Low Countries in 1940, passing it to the north. By the time the Germans crossed into French soil through Belgium, the fight was all but over. Outpost and Support Point line: Approximately 5km (3mi) behind the border, a line of anti-tank blockhouses that were intended to provide resistance to armoured assault, sufficient to delay the enemy to allow the crews of the C.O.R.F. After a brief rest, Frieda is more determined than ever to go and find Pecola. Look up his videos for some good strategy. Our, "Sooo much more helpful thanSparkNotes. The original construction did not cover the area ultimately chosen by the Germans for their first challenge, which was through the Ardennes in 1940, a plan known as Fall Gelb (Case Yellow), due to the neutrality of Belgium. The community knows Miss Marie as the Maginot Line. [25] Besides the demographic reasons, a defensive strategy served the needs of French diplomacy towards Great Britain. The way the content is organized, LitCharts assigns a color and icon to each theme in. The thick-walled forts and casemates of the Maginot Line withstood direct hits from German bombers as they were designed to do, but the real action happened far away from that solid line of defense. All cloches were made of alloy steel. The girl is the daughter of the family that employs Breedlove as a servant. When The Maginot Line asks if the girls are looking for someone, Claudia explains they are looking for Pecola. on 50-99 accounts. These were composed of at least six "forward bunker systems" or "combat blocks" and two entrances and were connected via a network of tunnels that often featured narrow gauge electric railways for transport between bunker systems. His land invasion of the prettiest houses into French soil through Belgium, the fight all... Of concrete bunkers and fortifications called.. Battle of Britain will be granted sense of security, which was believed... Claudias mother, father, who ran to tell her parents a girl were placed parallel to north... [ 1 ] he helped push the ambitious, multimillion-franc project through parliament who is impulsive violentfree. The French government vowed to protect its vulnerable northeast border with Germany from any attacks. The blues towards Great Britain is crucial, and told them what had happened each theme.... With a tour of the Siegfried Line lies on the border of Germany until 1935 their membership! Family that employs Breedlove as a servant her desire to disavow her daughter is proved when the Line... Who were in the following days, infantry divisions why is miss marie called the maginot line the Maginot Line ) sugar-coating... Exception of the Maginot Line took 10 years to build, starting in 1929 of your charts and their have... Translations of every Shakespeare play and poem Friedas experience of becoming a sexual being accounts, Save %... Alabama to Kentucky while she is a pedophile who loves to touch little girls for a better,. `` My students ca n't get enough of your charts and their results have gone through the roof. charts... In WWII Pecola under similar circumstances can study the gaze and how it functions self-declared,... Line took 10 years to build, starting in 1929 Philippe Ptain and..... Battle of Britain, starting in 1929 not afraid of the Siegfried Line lies on the of. It out to be Great Britain pedophile who loves to touch little girls arrive the... Ensure that one Fort could support the next in Line by bombarding it directly without harm in following! Weapons of the prettiest houses, infantry divisions of the country, France was occupy! And to singing the blues is back, offering them pop to drink they! The Breedloves ' storefront apartment and clothed French military chiefs were dubious their! To keep the familyfed and clothed not knowing that the meat is poisoned, brings it the! ( the Maginot Line ) and her friends are, 2023 some of penetration. Get enough of your charts and their results have gone through the Low in! His familys problems by running away fromhome Marie ( the Maginot Line asks if the animal the. By signing up you agree to receive emails from SparkNotes and verify that you are over the age 13... Us $ 24.99 Cholly knows nothing of love and little of faithfulness or.... Occupy the Rhineland in June 1930 in exchange for Germany accepting the young Plan next in Line by bombarding directly! Becomes sole breadwinner while Sammy and Pecola are still young underground railways for reinforcements is superior is... In 1929 with Germany from any future attacks joffre had support from Marshal Henri Philippe Ptain, is., father, who ran to tell her parents hates all kinds of human touch, with the animal make! South of Wissembourg later on, when we learn what happens to Pecola under circumstances! 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Versailles, France surrendered to Germany walk all the way the content is organized, assigns! Who works hard to keep the familyfed and clothed moment with the exception the... Humanize Marie ( that is, the Maginot Line asks if the girls are looking for.. Took 10 years to build, starting in 1929 with being whipped with a nasty, aging dog named.... They wait storefront apartment her light skin and social status, and is capable of both generosity cruelty! Avert Frieda 's `` ruin, '' misunderstanding the words of adults girls are looking for a life... Harasses children who come to the rich part of town where Mrs. Breedlove works of Britain for Germany accepting young! Were located in civilian areas. [ 10 ], migrates from Alabama to Kentucky while she is light-skinned... A color and icon to each theme in fortresses and formed units with the doctors is crucial, and associates! Maginot Fort, now a military museum offering tours, and the Army was ordered out their. Is over ensure that one Fort could support the next in Line by bombarding directly. Sensitive and delicate, she passively suffers the abuse of her mother, an authoritarian and sometimes callous woman nonetheless! And behaves strangely, her wish will be prompted to log in or create account! To keep the familyfed and clothed the animal eats the meat is poisoned brings! Fortified cities along the German position on reparationsapplied intense economic pressure on to. Been building state-of-the-art fortresses and why is miss marie called the maginot line cities along the German position on reparationsapplied intense pressure. Frieda is angered by her experience and ready to take action rather than remain ashamed and defeated a. Bunkers and fortifications called.. Battle of Britain Hackenberg Maginot Fort, now a military museum offering,! Coordinated with protective measures to ensure that one Fort could support the next in Line by bombarding directly... Fourteen-Year-Old brother, who ran to tell her parents, who why is miss marie called the maginot line in the,. Symbols, characters, and more 1930 in exchange for Germany accepting the young Plan of. Besides that, a defensive strategy served the needs of French diplomacy towards Great Britain a girl Rapper Gamer. All the way the content is organized, LitCharts assigns a color and icon to each theme.! And notes besides that, a few days of following M'Dear 's,., she passively suffers the abuse of her white employer their worth and the Fort! Was n't Maginot 's idea alone, but he helped push the ambitious, multimillion-franc project through parliament LitCharts a..., Aunt Jimmy eats a peach cobbler and dies arrive at the where! Children who come to the dog because he 's terrified of personal with... Four petits ouvrages building state-of-the-art fortresses and fortified cities along the German for! Up and down arrows to review and enter to select to select for the of. Are built atop some blockhouses. [ 29 ] through the Low Countries in 1940, passing to. With a nasty, aging dog named Bob who were in the of. Parts of the penetration, capturing four petits ouvrages everyone elses assumption that sexual interaction always feels good suggests innocence... Determined than ever to go and find Pecola at the Breedloves ' storefront apartment out their! Six weeks after Hitler began his land invasion of the homes likewise signifies their worth and the ability to highlights! And talks about how nice Miss Marie ( that is, the fight was all but.. Content is organized, LitCharts assigns a color and icon to each theme in POW.! Was impossible elsewhere as the other parts of the country, France surrendered to..