More was a well-born academic and a sincere and committed Roman Catholic. Margaret is a devout Catholic and a member of the House of York, which fought Henry's father during the War of the Roses; she is first cousin of Henry's mother Queen Elizabeth of York through her father George Plantagenet, Elizabeth's uncle and the brother of Edward IV. Lady Fitzwilliam would not stay in the house alone with the countess, and the Lord Admiral soon requested Cromwell to take his guest away, sending his complaints with a few Shelsea cockles for the ministers table: I beg you to rid me of her company, for she is both chargeable and troubles my mind. When Margaret was attainted in May 1539, Cromwell displayed a mute witness against her, a coat-armour found among her effects, painted with the royal arms and the emblems of the family, pansies for Pole, and marigolds for my Lady Mary, as one witness explained: Pole intended to have married my lady Mary, and betwixt them both should again arise the old doctrine of Christ.. Margaret reminded Reginald what they all owed to the Tudors, and urged him to give up his enterprise, to take another way and serve the king: his renegade actions, she said, had plunged her into grief and fear, and trust me, Reginald, there never went the death of thy father or of any child so nigh my heart. Thomas Cromwell, who spied efficiently on the whole family, tried to have Reginald abducted or assassinated. The two children were of use to him; their maternal family, the Nevilles, commanded allegiance in the north. A devoted Catholic, More refuses to sign Parliament's Act of Supremacy, which declares King Henry, and not the Pope, the Supreme Head of the new Church of England. Mores connection to Morton had earlier secured him admittance to Oxford, where he studied for two years, mastering Greek and Latin with an instinct of genius, and studying a wide variety of subjects, including music. When Henry began proceedings to annul his first marriage, when Catherine was discarded and the Princess Mary downgraded to Lady Mary, the kings daughter, Margaret proved fiercely loyal and protective. Margaret may have been deprived of her dynastic importance, but her marriage was honourable and stable, and she retained her status, if not her familys great titles and wealth. During her time in prison, Cromwell himself was executed. Richard Pole was appointed to the household of Arthur, eldest son of Henry VII and Prince of Wales, heir apparent. The popular image is of a man principled, steadfast, courageous who placed his own conscience above his kings demands. Pierces book is thorough and scholarly, and her work is acknowledged in Higginbothams biography, which is less detailed, but serious and judicious. By 1520, as an indication of the trust placed in her, she had been appointed lady governor to the Princess Mary, born in 1516 and the only child of the royal marriage to survive for more than a few weeks. [15][16], On the morning of 28 May 1541, Margaret was told she was to die within the hour. . And while this reasoning worked to replenish the royal treasury for Henry VII, it also provided the second Tudor king with a chance to curry popular favor when he in one of his first acts as Henry VIII imprisoned and later executed Edmund Dudley and Richard Empson, who were Mortons (and his fathers) tax collectors. His naivety meant that, when threats to the regime mounted, he was easily entrapped. In 1509, when Henry VIII came to the throne after his fathers death, he married his brothers widow, Catherine of Aragon. This discovery resulted in removal of Mores books and writing materials. Best Known For: Thomas More is known for his 1516 book . He was knighted in 1521, became speaker of the House of Commons in 1523, and earned the title of Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster. In April 1523, he was elected speaker of the House of Commons. She lived one of the more turbulent lives of the 16th century, starting off as the niece of the King, and ending up nearly 70 years later penniless in the Tower, executed by an inexperienced executioner. He sent envoys. His father was not supportive, but More was fully prepared to be disowned rather than disobey Gods will. Despite such evidence of royal favor, it is likely that More chafed at his service to the king. But they have never been proven, and in fact they seem pretty far fetched. His father recalled him to London and he trained as a law student at New Inn and later Lincolns Inn. It is painted on a dateable oak panel, and the dates suit the presumed subject, but the artist is anonymous. Because she was a girl Margaret did not represent the same threat. His son-in-law William Roper, whose biography of More is one of the first biographies ever written, tells us that More chose his wife out of pity: [A]lbeit his mind most served him to the second daughter, for that he thought her the fairest and best favored, yet when he considered that it would be great grief and some shame also to the eldest to see her younger sister preferred before her in marriage, he then, of a certain pity, framed his fancy towards Jane. Margaret is the main character of Samantha Wilcoxson's 2016 novel, Dwyer, J.G. He waited five days before being summoned to the scaffold on Tower Hill. They were charged with treason. As a young man, he seriously contemplated joining the priesthood, only to become one of the most successful politicians of his time. Annes personal religious feeling was unimportant. Margarets aunt, Anne Neville, thus became queen. After Henry's second wife, Anne Boleyn, was arrested, and eventually executed, Margaret was permitted to return to Court, albeit briefly. Elizabeth of York, who married John De la Pole was George's sister - making Margaret Pole, Elizabeth's aunt. In Utopia, he identified himself as a citizen of London, and it was in London that he was born on 7 February 1477, the only surviving son of John More and his first wife, Agnes Graunger. Was More surprised by this speech? He was sentenced to a traitors death to be drawn, hanged, and quartered but the king changed it to beheading. She was an apt enough pupil to later converse with visitors in Latin. Born 14 August 1473, Margaret was one of the few Plantagenets who had survived the Wars of the Roses She was the mother of . Pope Leo XIII beatified her as a martyr for the Roman Catholic Church on 29 December 1886. It should be noted that Mores affinity for the monastic life never left him, despite his later marriages, family, and career. After several months, he was visited by Cromwell, but More refused to engage him in debate and merely declared himself a faithful subject of the king. In 1886, 10 years after . Margaret Poles house had been searched in the efforts to find evidence to back of the attainders of those executed. The Tower's professional executioner was away, so a young novice was given the job. Buckingham was alleged to have said that the lack of sons to carry on the Tudor line was Gods punishment for the imprisonment and death of the young Earl of Warwick. He was Dean of Exeter and Wimborne Minster, Dorset, as well as a canon of York. Mores only communication with Barton had been to warn her against meddling in affairs of state. Perhaps more than any other courtier of Henrys reign, More embodied the searching, troubled spirit of the early 16th century. "Margaret Pole, Tudor Matriarch and Martyr." by Susan Higginbotham. He was even more aware than the king of Mores popular appeal; and this was to Mores detriment for it meant that his refusal to publicly support the king was not something that could be forgiven or forgotten. Please change your browser settings to allow Javascript content to run. [3], Margaret was born at Farleigh Castle in Somerset, the only surviving daughter of George Plantagenet, Duke of Clarence, and his wife Isabel Neville, who was the elder daughter of Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick, and his wife Anne Beauchamp, 16th Countess of Warwick. Henry VIII married Catherine of Aragon in 1509 and Margaret was again appointed as one of her ladies-in-waiting. Erasmus mourned his friend and wrote that Mores soul was more pure than snow and his genius was such that England never had and never again will have its like. More was beatified by the Catholic Church in 1886, and canonized by Pius XI in 1935. In 1512, an Act of Parliament restored to Margaret the Earldom of Salisbury and some of her brother's land which had belonged to it, for which she paid 5000 marks (2666.13s.4d), equivalent to 2,164,602 in 2021. He died young (about 1526) having married the heir of Roger Lewknor. Her father, already Duke of Clarence, was then created Earl of Salisbury and of Warwick. That was what really cost her head in the end, but we wanted to . True or not, the marriage proved to be happy and fruitful, though of brief duration. [26] She and her husband were parents to five children: Her son, Reginald Pole, said that he would "never fear to call himself the son of a martyr". When Richard Pole died in 1504 Margaret had had to borrow money to give him a suitable funeral. Ten years on, her situation was more difficult to negotiate. It was not a bloodbath, but a selective cull, carried through by process of law. . There wasn't any "relationship" as such. In 1535, Englands ambassador began suggesting that Reginald Pole marry Henrys daughter Mary. It was, Pierce says, as if Margaret had won the lottery. Margarets brother was 24. With Margarets female peers, there is a gap between what they say and what they do, what they are and what they appear to be. In 1886, Margaret would be beatified by Pope Leo XIII as a martyr to Henrys regime. The governors of Lincoln admired him enough to appoint him lecturer on law for three consecutive years. It was granted, and the wealthy widow became stepmother to his four children, and More stepfather to her daughter and son. Her father was Shakespeares false, fleeting, perjured Clarence, who died in the Tower of London at the age of 29, attainted for treason and supposedly drowned in a butt of malmsey. But the kings horoscope was looking nasty and, according to a Spanish commentator, he aged twenty years in two weeks. Edward IV died in 1483 when Margaret was ten. Elizabeth Darrell, later Thomas Wyatts mistress, refused the oath; Lady Hussey, wife of one of Marys household, was imprisoned because she would not accept Marys exclusion from the succession and insisted on addressing her as a princess. Basically, they disliked and mistrusted one another. That was clear to Cromwell almost from the first, and perhaps to More, too. This was partly due to Mores intellectual prominence; he was perhaps the most famous Englishman on the continent, with a wide and varied correspondence. Looking to her last end, Margaret commissioned a chantry at Christchurch Priory. More essentially argued that communal life is the only way to end the ill effects of self-interest on politics. What a contemporary described as her nobility and goodness soon put her back in royal favour. But literacy was their usual weapon, not spells, and many of them picked up enough legal knowledge to fight their corner in civil disputes. She also had restored to her the title to the Earldom of Salisbury. Geoffrey appealed to Thomas Cromwell, who had him arrested and interrogated. In 1499, Margarets brother Edward apparently tried to escape from the Tower of London to take part in the plot of Perkin Warbeck who claimed to be their cousin, Richard, one of the sons of Edward IV who had been taken to the Tower of London under Richard III and whose fate was not clear. Thomas More was beheaded in 1535 for his refusal to accept the Acts of Supremacy and the Act of Succession (1534) of Henry VIII of England and swear allegiance to Henry as head of the English Church. For these reasons, More had no cause to suspect his monarch of anything less than fealty to their shared faith. However, things suddenly change in May 1541 when a decision was made to execute her. First I went on the Internet to find some ways of measuring wind speed. Shrewsbury Cathedral, she is in the fourth window in front of John Fisher. She, her grandson, Henry (son of her own son Henry), and Exeter's son were held together and supported by the king. Then, her prayers completed, she faced the incompetent axeman. So yes, the Pole family were cousins to de la Pole family. After she had redeemed her dead brothers lands from the crown, she owned property in Calais, and estates in Wales and 17 English counties. Reginald Pole supported Henry VIII in 1529 trying to win support among theologians in Paris for Henrys divorce from Catherine of Aragon. He impressed the cardinal enough that he was knighted upon his return and made under-treasurer of the Exchequer. Thomas came from wealthy families, from trade (his father was a wealthy baker) and the law. Her father was the younger brother of Edward IV and Richard III. It is painted on a dateable oak panel, and the dates suit the presumed subject, but the artist is anonymous. [11], In 1531, Reginald Pole warned of the dangers of the Boleyn marriage. [9] Her youngest son, Geoffrey Pole, married well to Constance, daughter of Edmund Pakenham, and inherited the estate of Lordington in Sussex. Henry VII had Edward executed, leaving Margaret as the sole survivor of George of Clarence. In January 1539 Geoffrey was pardoned, but Margaret's son, Henry, Baron Montagu (and cousin Exeter), were later executed for treason after trial. Joan, wife of John Langton. [1] He was the son of Michael de la Pole, 1st Earl of Suffolk and Katherine Wingfield . It was Gertrude Courtenay, Marchioness of Exeter, who claimed to be brittle and fragile; one of the most persistent of the aristocratic plotters against Henry, she was in trouble in 1533 for her contacts with Elizabeth Barton, the Nun of Kent, whose florid line in prophecy was discomfiting to the regime. Gender: Male. You can find out more about our use, change your default settings, and withdraw your consent at any time with effect for the future by visiting Cookies Settings, which can also be found in the footer of the site. On 14 November 1538, Margaret Pole, Countess of Salisbury, was arrested. We know her, as we know so many of her contemporaries, through her inventories, through legal documents and official letters. Neither Francis I of France nor the Emperor supported this effort and the English government tried to have Reginald assassinated. Please include name, address, and a telephone number. Birth Country: United Kingdom. She was executed in 1541, the act of attainder rendering a trial unnecessary. Margaret Pole ended up becoming a Catholic martyr. He had long felt a calling to the priesthood. And as his own reputation grew in London, he attracted the notice of the all-powerful Cardinal Wolsey. In June 1535, after he had been imprisoned for over a year, Cromwells servant, Richard Rich, now solicitor general, stated that he had spoken with More and More had denied Parliaments power to make Henry head of the church. And More was more convinced than ever that he needed to leave royal service. Ursula Pole, Baroness Stafford the daughter of Margaret Pole, 8th Countess of Salisbury and Sir Richard Pole. Here is an excerpt from Chapter 7, "Unheard-Of Cruelty", describing the trial and execution of Sir Thomas More. Under the reign of Henry VIII on May 27th 1541, at the age of 67, Margaret Pole Countess of Salisbury was executed for treason. I have a feeling that Edward and Thomas had an even closer relationship when their brother Henry was around. Margaret was 14, and probably remained at court rather than living with her husband. When not at Court, Margaret lived chiefly at Warblington Castle in Hampshire and Bisham Manor in Berkshire. It was not so much a letter as a small book. He could now only write to his wife and favorite daughter Margaret with a piece of coal or burnt stick on scraps of paper. After Richard III seized the throne, he sent Margaret to Yorkshire with her brother. Afterwards, More's head was displayed on a pike at London Bridge for a month. Ultimately, they would both become martyrs of their faith (though this show is not likely . In theory, after she married, a womans personal property and real estate were at her husbands disposal. Her son Arthur joined them, dying young, probably in the sweating sickness epidemic of 1528. His home at Chelsea was as close as Tudor England would come to an 18th century French salon. His decision to become a lay Christian now made, More quickly married. No one would stage a rebellion in her favour while there were male Yorkists to mount a challenge. When Henry gave the nod for the execution to take place, no one was give. Margaret and Richard Pole had five children, born between about 1492 and 1504: four sons and the youngest a daughter. letters@lrb.co.uk Nor make one step, as you shall see; Pope Paul III put him in charge of organising assistance for the Pilgrimage of Grace (and related movements). Margaret was one of just two women in 16th-century England to be a peeress in her own right (suo jure) without a husband in the House of Lords. He blindfolded himself and exhorted the assembled crowd to witness his end in the faith and for the faith of the Catholic Church, the kings good servant but Gods first. Even Mores Protestant enemies did not believe him a traitor; his death was almost universally held to be nothing less than martyrdom. Margarets uncle Richard of Gloucester became king in 1483 as Richard III, and reinforced young Margaret and Edwards exclusion from the line of succession. Together, they had five children, but she was widowed in 1505. He did not share his opinion with the king. At Bisham, where her forebears had founded a monastery, the remains of her executed brother lay with those of her grandfather the Kingmaker, slaughtered at the Battle of Barnet. She was sentenced to death, to be executed at the king's will. When Arthur married Catherine of Aragon, she became a lady-in-waiting to the princess. It was More who coined the term, a pun on the Greek words for no place and good place. In 1536, Pole sent Henry a treatise which not only opposed Henrys grounds for divorce that he had married his brothers wife and thus the marriage was invalid but also opposing Henrys more recent assertion of Royal Supremacy, power in the church in England above that of Rome. His eldest daughter Margaret married the lawyer William Roper in 1521, and More continued his practice of prayer and supervision of learning at his home. One does not have to share his religious convictions to appreciate his inner strength and noble character. In 1504, More was elected to Parliament and one of his first acts was to oppose Henry VIIs request of a grant of three-fifteenths. [10], When Mary was declared a bastard in 1533, Margaret refused to give Mary's gold plate and jewels back to Henry. There was a new king, a handsome, athletic young man who had once been destined for the church. Some stories even claim this was at his own request, having been permitted to choose the manner of his execution. He later characterized this as abandonment by his mother, and bitterly resented it for much of his life, although he became an important figure in the church. This site requires the use of Javascript to provide the best possible experience. It was delivered in manuscript form, but at any time it could be printed and circulated through Europe. [12] In May 1536, Reginald finally and definitively broke with the king. She was by necessity hostile to the Catholic church. Towards the block I shall not go! In Margaret Pole, Countess of Salisbury, 1473-1541, Hazel Pierce was unable to corroborate Richard Morisyne's assertion that as a young widow Margaret Pole made her home with the other Bridgettine nuns at Syon abbey.However, the household accounts of Lady Margaret Beaufort (held at St. John's College, Cambridge) reveal that this was indeed the case, recording payments to her from . This was on 16 May 1532, the date on which the archdiocese of Canterbury, as head of the English clergy, sent a document to Henry VIII in which is promised to never legislate or even convene without royal assent, thus making the king a lay person head of the spiritual order in England. She was the Spanish princess, Katharine of Aragon, one of the daughters of the Catholic rulers of Spain. A Yorkist pretender had been crowned in Dublin, a child who claimed to be the Plantagenet heir, Edward, Earl of Warwick, Margarets 12-year-old brother. Henry VII paid for Richard's funeral. Wolsey was destined to die for his failure to secure the annulment. Montagu, Exeter, and Margaret were arrested in November 1538. He did not struggle with the reduction in means, and busied himself with planning a tomb for himself and his wives , as well as defending his faith in various pamphlets. ThoughtCo, Aug. 26, 2020, thoughtco.com/margaret-pole-tudor-matriarch-and-martyr-3530618. Both Sir Thomas More and Margaret Pole were devout Catholics, dedicated to their faith and their country. Her London palace, Le Herber, stood in a busy mercantile quarter, approximately where Cannon Street Station is now, and she rented out the tenements around as workshops, stables and an inn. The countess was to look after the little girls health and diet, ensure that she did not wear herself out in learning French and Latin, and see that her immediate environment was kept spotless, so that everything about her be pure, sweet, clean and wholesome, as to so great a princess doth appertain. For Mores part, he undoubtedly appreciated his second wifes superb housekeeping skills for they allowed him the freedom to pursue his increasingly successful career. Chapuys wrote that, "at first, when the sentence of death was made known to her, she found the thing very strange, not knowing of what crime she was accused, nor how she had been sentenced". Edward IV declared that Margaret's younger brother, Edward, should be known as Earl of Warwick as a courtesy title, but no peerage was ever created for him. But he himself did not sign the letter in which most of Englands nobles and prelates petitioned the pope to declare the marriage unlawful. Contemporary chroniclers often referred to him as a friend of the poor. Her mother was one of the greatest heiresses of her time while her father was the younger brother of King Edward IV of England. ThoughtCo. Her thoughts, her motives, are so hidden, either by her inclination or by the work of time, that it is difficult for the most diligent biographer to put her together and make her walk and talk. Warwick Their old friendship was past; the kings new advisors were anti-Catholic and pro-Protestant, most notably among them was Thomas Cromwell. Because the main executioner[17] had been sent north to deal with rebels, the execution was performed by "a wretched and blundering youth who literally hacked her head and shoulders to pieces in the most pitiful manner". As a young king, he was named Defender of the Faith by the pope for defending the church against Protestant heresy; his Lord Chancellor was Cardinal Thomas Wolsey. Her mother died after giving birth to a fourth child; that brother died ten days after their mother. His personal life remained placid and content. For example, as Lord Chancellor, More proclaimed the opinion of the English universities as favorable to the kings annulment. And More determined that their daughters would receive the same education as their son. The sitter might as well be carved, for all she suggests flesh or circulating blood. As Englands premier intellectual, Mores opinion mattered. geralmente . Birth City: London, England. Her early years are obscure. The one potentially scandalous act of his life was his quick second marriage to a widow seven years his senior, Alice Middleton. Answer (1 of 16): Henry's break with Reginald Pole was the reason the Countess of Salisbury was in a situation to be executed in the first place, but the botched nature of the deed itself had rather more pedestrian origins. Margaret was a great heiress, grand-daughter of the Earl of Warwick who was known as the Kingmaker. It is meant to contrast with the reality of European rule, divided by ideologies and greed and self-interest. Henry VIIIs later statements to the contrary, his marriage to Katharine began happily and continued so for some years. But time and impatience had made him emphatic in his righteousness. It was during this trip that he began to write Utopia, his most famous work. His months of peace ended in 1533, when he refused to attend the coronation of Anne Boleyn. The law it is meant to contrast with the king, Countess of Salisbury was. 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