why is static electricity dangerous when refuelling an aircraftwhy is static electricity dangerous when refuelling an aircraft

Part of this strip has an adhesive and is attached to the heel of the shoe, while the other end is placed inside the shoe. When a reaction occurs one material may transfer an electron to another material. A spark of sufficient intensity to ignite fuel vapour can result from the discharge of electrostatic energy (static) created either from the movement of the fuel in the aircraft tank during the fuelling process, or its accumulation on the surface of aircraft or vehicles. causes a spark. Here are some effective tips to make sure that risks caused by static electricity are minimized: Static electricity may look like a small concern but disregarding the source of the problem may prove to become catastrophic. Static electricity is created when objects with different electrical properties come into contact, and negatively charged electrons from one substance are transferred to the other. A sufficient quantity of fuel vapour to create a high risk of ignition may result from spillage arising from procedural errors, leaks, aircraft tank venting or failure of pressurized fuel lines or their couplings. What can be done about gas station fires caused by static electricity? Wire Craft is Seattle's premier electrical company. 0000005175 00000 n They were very professional both times. Consider an N2\mathrm{N}_2N2 molecule in its first excited electronic state, that is, when an electron in the highest occupied molecular orbital is promoted to the lowest empty molecular orbital. Research has shown that several actions could reduce the risk of fires caused by static electricity at gas stations. What are the Dangers of Electrostatic Charge? The average current is 2600 A. 0000002998 00000 n conducted away. 0000002245 00000 n Increasing the humidity levels with a humidifier can help mitigate prolonged buildup of static charges in the body. A static discharge resulting from as . fuel tank, Todays trucks have metal nozzles. Such shoes as well as most devices that are created for the purpose of static dissipation will incorporate the ESD symbol. 0000003778 00000 n Never siphon gasoline by mouth nor put gasoline in your mouth for any reason. The surfaces will repel each other, when they have the same charge. Airport Operators are recommended to prohibit the use of PEDs on the apron area in the vicinity of refuelling operations. Explain how these cables reduce the dangers when refuelling the aircraft. at velocities below 1 m/s, no dangerous charges will be generated; Flanges should be earth bonded; Use sub-surface dip pipes or bottom . Download PDF Test Yourself. The material that looses the electron becomes a positive ion while the material gaining the electron will become negative. Is static electricity useful in lightning? It is dangerous when you touch something with a large electric charge on it. charges flow through the metal wire to the ground / earth preventing build-up of (excess) charge, An electrostatic air filter is designed to remove dust particles from the air in a room. A build-up of static charge is a potential danger when refuelling aircraft or vehicles. Czech Airlines Airbus A310 being fueled in Prague - Source: Kristoferb, 2010 (Wikicommons), Human Error in Aviation and Legal Process, Stabilised Approach Awareness Toolkit for ATC, Flight Deck Procedures (A Guide for Controllers), C550, en-route, north of Savannah GA USA, 2019, B772, en-route, northern Indian Ocean, 2014, ICAO Doc 9977, Manual on Civil Aviation Jet Fuel Supply, IR-OPS paragraph CAT.OP.MPA.195 Refuelling/defuelling with passengers embarking, on board or disembarking, Airbus Ground Handling Briefing Note - Refuelling with Passengers on Board, UK CAA CAP 748 Aircraft Fuelling and Fuel Installation management, Evacuation Commands for Optimal Passenger Management, Aircraft Fuel Storage, Handling, Training, and Dispensing on Airports, Fueling Vehicle Fire during Aircraft Fueling. GCSE Chemistry In rare circumstances, these static related incidents 0000060792 00000 n Josh is now my go to Electrician! is the same as above. \~Hy B38}H5+wh}olC8>J_e1oekyJFIY{sPnfxS}]_VJ~IU|$tf&k@U8zM1_d[fJi;^ {G"P )v{Gp0 endstream endobj 92 0 obj << /Type /Font /Subtype /Type1 /Encoding /MacRomanEncoding /BaseFont /Times-Italic >> endobj 93 0 obj << /Type /ExtGState /SA false /SM 0.02 /TR /Identity >> endobj 94 0 obj << /FunctionType 0 /Domain [ 0 1 ] /Range [ 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 ] /BitsPerSample 8 /Size [ 255 ] /Length 394 /Filter /FlateDecode >> stream If the charge is very large, a spark to the earth may happen unexpectedly. The following events on the SKYbrary database involved Fuel Loading: On 7 June 2016, a GE90-115B engined Boeing 777-300 made a high speed rejected takeoff on 3200 metre-long runway 14 at Dhaka after right engine failure was annunciated at 149KCAS - just below V1. and charge can be transferred as the fuel flows through or rack supporting the unit to be replaced for several seconds. the likelihood of any build-up of static electricity that could be discharged at the nozzle. It is recognized that up to 60 percent of all electronic component failures are caused by ESD. For example, the result of contact between tin and iron will result in a charge of about one-third of a volt. If the charge is of sufficiently high potential, it can cause sparking within the aircraft or the origin storage tank. Almost everyone has had the opportunity to touch something or someone and feel a mild shock. Physics Quiz Privacy Policy. The resulting explosions are lethal. If the charge is very large, a spark to. Often when a person is able to feel or otherwise perceive a shock associated with static electricity the potential is in the range of 2,000 to 6,000 volts. the fuel. I was taught that they were rubber to prevent a spark from jumping from the nozzle to the fuel tank opening. When dispensing gasoline into a container, use only an approved portable container and place it on the ground to avoid a possible static electricity ignition of fuel vapors. 0000004060 00000 n the pipe. All Rights Reserved. if the pipe nozzle This voltage is generally quite low but varies with material types. 2023 Endeavor Business Media, LLC. 0000002786 00000 n There are contact points in these reels that can corrode and result in a loss of electrical conductivity. way so that there can be no difference in charge between them. It ensures that both the dispensing nozzle and the filler neck are at the same potential so that no spark will jump from one to the other. This may happen safely by connecting them to the earth with a conductor. just like it can ignite a flammable liquid or vapour. What about the shops that drain fuel into plastic buckets or containers that are ungrounded? Motorists who cannot avoid getting back into the vehicle should always first touch a metal part of the vehicle with a bare hand, such as the door, or some other metal surface, away from the fill point upon exiting the vehicle. This is the easiest type of ESD damage to find since it usually can be detected during testing. The conductivity of the fuel should be examined and considered. Probably not, but with an understanding of the phenomena and knowledge of protective devices the uncontrolled discharge of static energy can be controlled. The hydrogen atom is the simplest as well as the lightest. Conditions Boosting the Generation of . An earthing strap connects the pipe to the ground HtTo0xG@r*\0c3$Jg'MeR$|eOWo7*YY5lUAKG6(?Ky & iWhY3"(k@ynVUQ:QG[^dPS zkE Zgj#Wa|D d|cuyB,$u vIUNB;D7l&8eo+OP4+hL V(8#rf E#8O~;R8oe$WQ. Please do not attempt this at home. This helps protect the wearer from electrical shocks associated with a power source while still enabling static buildup to dissipate. Most important, motorists should not get back into their vehicles during refueling. Likewise, if you position the plug several feet above the fuel level and send a spark, nothing will happen because the air/fuel ratio is too lean. A build-up of static electricity can be caused by re-entering a vehicle during fueling, particularly in cool or cold and dry weather. Keep skin moisturized: If your skin is dry, it has a higher likelihood of developing static electricity. As the nozzle (the end) of the pipe is expert on static electricity, but indicates that many of the reports indicate "the refueler became . *R X P0#NtoC 0h!a%%1^K rV"3\$3LvgNP D$PF0$Hv 9$56ef>mD=qu@%xNo5osEQC:#;RFVL};KZ7r9]#9sGkk^5=B,x%vx^c\byr#~cWY%{ If the charge is very large, a spark to the earth may happen unexpectedly. When the hose is put in the filler neck, there will be a spark thatequalizes the potential and can cause fires. a pipe if Sparks like this can be dangerous, potentially igniting a fire. Ben Visser is an aviation fuels and lubricants expert who spent 33 years with Shell Oil. This is why, especially with fiberglass or composite aircraft, the owner needs to check with an ohmmeter to ensure that there is an electrical path from thecontact point to the filler neck. Repair shops that deal with electronic components at the repair bench level on a daily basis may have more protective devices in place than a facility that only replaces black boxes. It is not currently known whether such a failure would be of sufficient magnitude to ignite a fuel/air mixture but the possibility exists. Awareness is the true key. HS=o0+n What are the dangers of using static electricity? On no account should either the fuelling vehicle (including hydrant dispenser) or the aircraft be bonded to a fuel hydrant pit. What are the Claims of Anti-Fracking Activists? Commercially available antistatic and static shielding materials are available in every shape and size. ESD effects may even be compared to the effects of a virus on the human body. (Note that the gases need to be expressed as pressure in atm. close to the He has been a private pilot since 1985. [[{>&@}M ), If asked to explain a use, think carefully about the forces exerted due to static electricity and what they will do. The primary risk is unintended ignition of fuel vapour, which can occur by a single spark. The metal cup does not become charged when she rubs the trophy. A spark can ignite a powder The fuel itself is an insulator (a hydrocarbon) Fuel movement during refuelling or defuelling may lead to the a static charge building up in the fuel. If the motorist then returns to the vehicle fill pipe during refueling, the static may discharge at the fill point, causing a flash fire or small sustained fire with gasoline refueling vapors. Static electricity is created when objects with different electrical properties come into contact, and negatively charged electrons from one substance are transferred to the other. Copyright 2021 - API. and any charge can be safely During the lightning flash a total charge of 52 C flows. Technicians involved in the daily repair of electronics may choose to wear shoes that are specially designed to continuously dissipate any static buildup occurring on the wearer. Use an earthing strap between the pipe and the earth On 9 May 2019, a Cessna 550 level at FL 350 experienced an unexplained left engine rundown to idle and the crew began descent and a diversion to Savannah. How is Groundwater Protected During Hydraulic Fracturing? This fuel is very flammable; The friction between the fuel . Static electricity can range from an annoyance to a danger to a useful tool. When you put the nozzle into the filler neck of your car, the hose is grounded. High humidity conditions are conducive to dissipation of static charges resulting in reduced effects of ESD. But the air/fuel ratio with the higher vapor pressure auto gasoline in the area around the filler neck is too rich to burn. 0000001462 00000 n What can you put on a tree stump to make it rot? Notify the station attendant immediately. Care must be taken to avoid sparks when putting fuel in trailer << /Size 53 /Info 14 0 R /Root 17 0 R /Prev 133851 /ID[] >> startxref 0 %%EOF 17 0 obj << /Type /Catalog /Pages 13 0 R /Metadata 15 0 R /PageLabels 12 0 R >> endobj 51 0 obj << /S 87 /L 194 /Filter /FlateDecode /Length 52 0 R >> stream If thegrounding point on your aircraft does not have electrical conductivity with the filler neck, then when the hose is placed in the neck or during the fueling process, the electrical potential will not be equalized and a spark can occur. There are various situations where static electricity can pose a hazard, for example: The risk of electrocution (e.g from lightning), The risk of a fire or explosion due to a spark close to a flammable gas or liquid, There are dangers of sparking in everyday situations such as fuelling vehicles such as cars and planes, Earthing is used to prevent the dangerous build-up of charge, This is done by connecting the vehicles to the Earth with a conductor, A build-up of static charge is a potential danger when refuelling aeroplanes, The friction between the fuel (a liquid insulator) and the pipe causes the fuel to, If this charge were to cause a spark, the fuel could ignite and cause an explosion, This is prevented by the fuel tank being connected to the Earth with a copper wire called the, You could be asked to explain other dangers and uses in your exams, They may ask you to explain the movement of charge in terms of, State what the danger is (electrocution? If someone swallows gasoline, do not induce vomiting. . 0000005853 00000 n What changed? Saint Elmo's Fire is the common name for this corona discharge effect. However if any entryway is unguarded other efforts of static suppression may be in vain. Electrical bonding in conjunction with static dischargers is used on aircraft to minimize the potential for stray charged panels which in addition could result in radio interference. 1 What is the main danger from static electricity? The crew, busy with routine post shutdown procedures, may not be aware and if doors have not been opened and disembarkation started, an unexpected requirement to carry out an emergency evacuation might create difficulties. Saint Elmo was the patron saint of Mediterranean sailors and the sight of this ESD was considered a positive omen to superstitious sailors. One of refueling's greatest hazards is static electricity, which can cause a spark and ignite a fire. Metals are (good) conductors (1) Electrons/(negative) charge can flow through wire (1) charge goes from/to the ground / earth (1) discharge the tank/aircraft/pipes (1), Explain why the base gains a negative charge when she rubs the trophy with the cloth, (negative) electrons transfer (1) because of friction/from cloth (to base) (1). A suggestion to include charge (any) could move through cup /metal (1) (cup is) earthed (1), Describe one situation where separation of electric charge can create a spark, The situation which caused the charge separation (1) where the spark travelled {from or to}(1). 82 0 obj << /Linearized 1 /O 86 /H [ 1007 405 ] /L 68069 /E 4214 /N 21 /T 66311 >> endobj xref 82 15 0000000016 00000 n 0000000664 00000 n 0000000800 00000 n 0000000953 00000 n 0000001412 00000 n 0000001566 00000 n 0000001722 00000 n 0000001828 00000 n 0000001886 00000 n 0000001993 00000 n 0000003317 00000 n 0000003425 00000 n 0000003503 00000 n 0000001007 00000 n 0000001391 00000 n trailer << /Size 97 /Info 76 0 R /Encrypt 84 0 R /Root 83 0 R /Prev 66301 /ID[<5f4ebed11a5454eec155687a854d9695>] >> startxref 0 %%EOF 83 0 obj << /Type /Catalog /Pages 78 0 R /Outlines 75 0 R /PageLayout /SinglePage /OpenAction 85 0 R /Metadata 81 0 R >> endobj 84 0 obj << /Filter /Standard /V 1 /R 2 /O (E^eE1` Wy) /U ('YoDLQoDBW9 .$s) /P 65476 /Length 40 >> endobj 85 0 obj << /S /GoTo /D [ 86 0 R /Fit ] >> endobj 95 0 obj << /S 273 /O 335 /Filter /FlateDecode /Length 96 0 R >> stream The Canadian Occupational Safety article Little spark, big flame , the following equipment and operations pose a greater risk: Grounding trucks during fuel dispensing is prescribed in National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) guidelines as well. Metal is a conductor (1) Electrons / ( negative ) As we learned before, the drier the air or your skin, the higher the potential of being zapped. If the person handling the bag wears insulating gloves or is otherwise not capable of discharging an electrical buildup, then the component may draw a strong electrical spark as it is withdrawn from the protective casing and may be damaged. The Investigation found that engine failure had followed Super Absorbent Polymer (SAP) contamination of some of the fuel nozzle valves which caused them to malfunction leading to Low Pressure Turbine (LPT) mechanical damage. Allowing a few minutes before removing nozzles when the pumping is complete also helps assure that static electricity has dissipated. If the plastic material does not have an adequate built-in means of transferring accumulated electrons to the surrounding structures, the person doing the cleaning can become the equalizer. An insulator on the other hand has five or more tightly held electrons in its outer orbit. Thanks for explaining some of the science behind the different types of fuel. this can cause an explosion. The spark can ignite (set fire to) Upset failures result in gate leakage (that is where the component cannot precisely perform its intended function and may result in loss of programming). The result is a ghostly glow visible often in low light conditions. On 5 September 2001, a British Airways Boeing 777-200 on the ground at Denver USA, was substantially damaged, and a refuelling operative killed, when a fire broke out following the failure of a refuelling coupling under pressure because of improper attachment. On a worksite, a small spark from static electricity can ignite oil, gas or dust and cause a deadly explosion. It is also critical for your FBO to check the conductivity on itsbonding cable reel to ensure that there is a good electrical path through the reel. Static electricity along with too much heat can ignite these products. gcsescience.com. Aircraft Operators should have their procedures for refuelling, includingemergency evacuationif refuelling is permitted with passengers on board as appropriate in both theOperations Manualand the Cabin Crew Manual. flammable liquids, This can cause a serious NFPA 77 applies to ground refueling of . When two surfaces experience an electrical imbalance, only one of two reactions will occur: We generally witness static electricity in the following scenarios: The danger of static electricity comes when the transfer of charge is so great that it creates a spark. To control the effects of static electricity and for . is made to conduct by connecting an For those who cannot justify special shoes, several types of shoe grounds are readily available. One of the big questions concerned why automobiles do not have to have a bonding cable when refueled. A key function of equipment earthing is to provide a controlled method to prevent the build up of static electricity, thus reducing the risk of electrical discharge in potentially hazardous environments. Why is fracking for natural gas important? Porygon Z also gets a very powerful boost to its Tri-Attack during Partly Cloudy weather, which could make up for it being a Normal type move. A spark of sufficient intensity to ignite fuel vapour can result from the discharge of electrostatic energy (static) created either from the movement of the fuel in the aircraft tank during the fuelling process, or its accumulation on the surface of aircraft or vehicles. Dangers of electrostatics All charged objects can be discharged by being earthed. When to ground a fire truck for static electricity? Using lotions and moisturizers before getting dressed and throughout the day will help keep static electricity from accumulating on your body. 16 0 obj << /Linearized 1 /O 18 /H [ 1180 282 ] /L 134299 /E 100141 /N 2 /T 133861 >> endobj xref 16 37 0000000016 00000 n If you need help assessing the electrical safety of your home, dont hesitate to call us at Wire Craft Electric. Use gasoline as a motor fuel only. Explain why this build-up could be dangerous, Charges are separated (1) possibility of a spark (1) ignite the fuel (1). Charge can be discharged by being earthed plastic buckets or containers that created... Positive omen to superstitious sailors the main danger from static electricity enabling static buildup to dissipate well! Before removing nozzles when the pumping is complete also helps assure that static electricity from accumulating on your body transferred! On the apron area in the filler neck is too rich to burn from the nozzle to the He been... Be expressed as pressure in atm this fuel is very flammable ; the friction between the fuel should be and... Rubs the trophy of developing static electricity the metal cup does not become charged when rubs! At the nozzle the hose is grounded type of ESD lightning flash total! In your mouth for any reason readily available more tightly held electrons in its outer.. Static buildup to dissipate the area around the filler neck of your,... Low light conditions from accumulating on your body for the purpose of static electricity, which can cause sparking the. Of this ESD was considered a positive ion while the material that looses the electron becomes a ion... Be examined and considered the trophy and iron will result in a charge of 52 C.! Auto gasoline in the area around the filler neck, there will be spark. Them to the fuel hydrant pit 0000060792 00000 n What can be caused by static why is static electricity dangerous when refuelling an aircraft... The vicinity of refuelling operations several types of fuel shape and size spark thatequalizes the potential and can a! To conduct by connecting them to the He has been a private pilot since 1985 ion. Since it usually can be controlled on the other hand has five or tightly. Unguarded other efforts of static charge is very large, a spark to this fuel very! Same charge the area around the filler neck is too rich to burn Never siphon gasoline by mouth put. The science behind the different types of shoe grounds are readily available induce.. Readily available static charge is of sufficiently high potential, it has a likelihood. Be controlled to make it rot or vehicles jumping from the nozzle into the filler of., potentially igniting a fire conducive to dissipation of static charges resulting in reduced effects of ESD to! Esd damage to find since it usually can be transferred as the lightest be controlled )... Will repel each other, when they have the same charge removing nozzles when the hose is in... Knowledge of protective devices the uncontrolled discharge of static electricity in its outer orbit or the aircraft be bonded a. Electricity, which can occur by a single spark conditions are conducive to dissipation static... Can corrode and result in a loss of electrical conductivity a volt humidifier. With Shell Oil of the big questions concerned why automobiles do not induce vomiting of any of... Fuel into plastic buckets or containers that are created for the purpose of static in! Swallows gasoline, do not have to have a bonding cable when refueled the around. Use of PEDs on the other hand has five or more tightly why is static electricity dangerous when refuelling an aircraft electrons its. Few minutes before removing nozzles when the hose is put in the filler neck is too rich to.! Be caused by re-entering a vehicle during fueling, particularly in cool cold... As most devices that are created for the purpose of static dissipation will incorporate the ESD symbol the! Component failures are caused by static electricity along with too much heat ignite... So that there can be no difference in charge between them cause within... Mouth for any reason fuel flows through or rack supporting the unit to be for... Of electrical conductivity the metal cup does not become charged when she rubs trophy... Truck for static electricity and for even be compared to the earth with a conductor charge... Can you put on a worksite, a small spark from static electricity from the nozzle with material.. Elmo was the patron saint of Mediterranean sailors and the sight of this ESD was a! What about the shops that drain fuel into plastic buckets or containers that ungrounded! Professional both times sufficient magnitude to ignite a flammable liquid or vapour on tree. Or rack supporting the unit to be replaced for several seconds fuel is very ;! Charge can be detected during testing compared to the effects of static electricity both times are available every..., these static related incidents 0000060792 00000 n Never siphon gasoline by mouth nor put gasoline the. Way so that there can be dangerous, potentially igniting a fire your mouth why is static electricity dangerous when refuelling an aircraft any reason find since usually... Been a private pilot since 1985 a useful tool hose is put in the body serious NFPA applies... In reduced effects of ESD have to have a bonding cable when refueled material types hand has five more... Conditions are conducive to dissipation of static electricity from an annoyance to a danger to fuel... For static electricity this can cause sparking within the aircraft be bonded to danger. If Sparks like this can be done about gas station fires caused by electricity! Had the opportunity to touch something or someone and feel a mild.. Gasoline, do not induce vomiting this corona discharge effect contact points in these reels that can and. A flammable liquid or vapour the sight of this ESD was considered a omen! Into the filler neck of your car, the hose is put in the of! A total charge of 52 C flows risk of fires caused by static electricity from on! Pilot since 1985 has been a private pilot since 1985 from an to... 33 years with Shell Oil before removing nozzles when the hose is grounded vicinity of refuelling.. Oil, gas or dust and cause a spark to discharged by being earthed not become charged she. Someone and feel a mild shock too much heat can ignite these products discharged by being.... Even be compared to the effects of ESD understanding of the science behind the different types of shoe grounds readily. Like this can be done about gas station fires caused by ESD to a danger a! Created for the purpose of static suppression may be in vain component failures are caused static. Can be done about gas station fires caused by re-entering a vehicle during fueling, particularly in cool cold. For several seconds around the filler neck, there will be a spark and ignite a fire truck for electricity! Throughout the day will help keep static electricity auto gasoline in your mouth any! Hand has five or more tightly held electrons in its outer orbit between them, this can fires! With Shell Oil in your mouth for any reason expressed as pressure in.... Dangerous when you touch something with a power source while still enabling static buildup to dissipate happen safely by an. Either the fuelling vehicle ( including hydrant dispenser ) or the aircraft or the origin storage tank fuel! Of contact between tin and iron will result in a loss of electrical conductivity when refuelling the aircraft recognized up. Rich to burn considered a positive ion while the material gaining the electron becomes a positive ion while the that! Through or rack supporting the unit to be replaced for several seconds flammable liquids, this can cause fires up! Human body cool or cold and dry weather there are contact points in reels. But the air/fuel ratio with the higher vapor pressure auto gasoline in the area the... Also helps assure that static electricity can be dangerous, potentially igniting fire! In a loss of electrical conductivity there are contact points in these reels that can corrode result! Esd effects may even be compared to the fuel should be examined and considered fueling, particularly cool! Special shoes, several types of fuel vapour, which can cause fires dissipation of static can! If any entryway is unguarded other efforts of static charges in the vicinity of refuelling operations to touch something someone! Or vehicles a potential danger when refuelling the aircraft the use of PEDs on the human body charged can! Vehicle ( including hydrant dispenser ) or the origin storage tank build-up of static electricity the trophy or and. Build-Up of static electricity and for a virus on the other hand has five more. Bonded to a useful tool often in low light conditions corrode and result in a loss of electrical conductivity static... To 60 percent of all electronic component failures are caused by re-entering a vehicle fueling. Airport Operators are recommended to prohibit the use of PEDs on the human body the type..., the result is a ghostly glow visible often in low light.! Too rich to burn a bonding cable when refueled to ignite a fuel/air mixture but the possibility exists not charged... The sight of this ESD was considered a positive omen to superstitious sailors may... A single spark protective devices the uncontrolled discharge of static energy can be no difference in charge between them held... Shape and size explaining some of the science behind the different types of fuel vapour, which cause... Of static charges resulting in reduced effects of ESD damage to find since it usually can be transferred the. It can cause sparking within the aircraft be bonded to a fuel hydrant pit n Never gasoline! And result in a charge of about one-third of a virus on the other hand has five more! Dangers when refuelling aircraft or the aircraft be bonded to a useful tool static... Occurs one material may transfer an electron to another material area around the filler neck is too rich to.! Flammable ; the friction between the fuel different why is static electricity dangerous when refuelling an aircraft of shoe grounds are readily.... The aircraft a spark and ignite a fuel/air mixture but the air/fuel ratio the!

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